Clothing and Uniforms School Uniforms Essay

School uniforms are a set of standardized clothes worn primarily for an educational purpose. Uniforms can range from formal to informal. The most popular uniforms include khakis and polo shirts of varying colors. Wearing school uniforms can reduce issues related to students wearing inappropriate clothing. Students are less likely to be ridiculed by others due to the kind of clothes they wear. Uniforms are cost effective and are less expensive than street clothes and wearing uniforms are a positive way to bridge the gap between social classes. We live in a society where appearance is everything which makes kids feel pressured to fit in and dress a certain way. Money plays a big part in the clothing students wear. Not all styles are affordable to everyone. Some students are criticized because they cannot afford the â€Å"name brand† clothes. This makes parents feel pressured to purchase the popular and more expensive clothing just so there kids â€Å"fit in. † Some students may even feel the need to steal to get the â€Å"in† clothes. The average cost of a year’s worth of school uniforms is approximately $200 which is a lot less than name brand clothing. Uniforms can help reduce peer bullying and criticism, since all students are wearing the same thing. It also reduces stress and conflict to look a certain way. The great thing about uniforms are they can be worn for more than one year (if they still fit), making them even more cost effective and less expensive than regular clothes. There are many styles of clothes, some that are appropriate to wear to school and others that are not. Students are influenced by the clothing styles they see on television as well as the styles worn by their mentors and idols. Violence and stereo-typing are big concerns for schools. Clothes play a factor in what people who are part of a gang wear. These gang members wear specific clothing to identify themselves and express their power as well as separate them from other gangs. Uniforms could help cut-down the growth rate of these gangs as they would be harder to recognize which could lead to less interest in them. Generally, uniforms are navy or white shirts and navy or khaki pants. These are pretty neutral colors that are not distracting. More than likely, they are colors a lot of students would where anyway. A lot of the popular styles are navy and khaki, which make uniforms more stylish. Many people think wearing uniforms are uncomfortable and boring. However, uniforms actually unite the school as a whole and promote a team atmosphere. Placing less emphasis on clothes will only increase the entire academic outcome. Wearing school uniforms can benefit students academically, financially, and socially. A person should not be defined by their clothes but by who they are as an individual. I think it would benefit all schools to have a school uniform.

College Transfer

Womack Rd  Dunwoody, Atlanta, GA 30338 October 9, 2012 Dear Emory University Administration: When applying to Georgia Perimeter College (GPC), my initial choice in majoring was dental hygiene. During my first summer session, one of my courses that I had to take was psychology. I realized that it was not only first true academic, but also a personal life passion. I spent my weekends reading psychology related books, experiments, and articles.I counted minutes for my favorite class to start and once it started, I used to get sucked into lectures so deep not realizing how time went by. I became aware and confidant about changing my major to psychology. Upon my second semester of my freshmen year, I learned from the administration that my school does not offer the major I am now planning to pursue. In fact, my school does not even offer bachelor’s degree. I have visited Emory University this summer and even met with some psychology professors.I was impressed of Emory’s hi ghest ranking status among the other universities in southeast region. By attending Emory, I am looking forward in hoping to expand and extend my knowledge in psychology, participate in more psychology related work, and volunteer to work and cooperate with psychology professors. My intentions for transferring are simply for the academic and educational purposes. I have met many good people and made good friends at my currents school. My professors are well educated.I originally choose GPC because it felt like home. It was neither populated, nor far from my house. However, I am willing to push myself for new environment, adventures, and challenges. My academic achievement that shows in my transcripts proves of my ability to meet the standards and readily face the challenges of Emory University. The University and its program in psychology completely match my interests. I am hoping and looking forward in attending a program and pursue my bachelor’s degree in the field of psycho logy.

Formative and Summative Assessment Essay

Assessment is a term that includes all of the various methods used to determine the extent of an individual’s achievement. In teaching and learning situation, assessment refers to the methods used to determine achievement of learning outcomes. Similarly in professional contexts, assessment is concerned with the achievement of professional standards or competence.(Aranda & Yates,2009). Assessment also provides a number of major benefits including: †¢ Grading: assessment may be used to define achievement and to measure the students’ preparedness for professional challenges. †¢ Motivation: assessment may focus on real learning by creating an opportunity that carries with it the rewards of completion or grades. †¢ learning process: assessment activities can guide individuals to learn and relearn subject content efficiently. †¢ Feedback: assessment provides opportunities for individuals to monitor the quality of their performance and identify areas for improvement. PURPOSE OF ASSESSMENT It is easy to become so immersed in the job of teaching that we lose sight the exact purpose of a assessment. There is then the possibility that we are overlooking another form of assessment which might be more appropriate. We actually assess students for quite a range of different reasons – motivation, creating learning opportunities, to give feedback (to both students and staff), to grade, and as a quality assurance mechanism (both for internal and external systems). Because all too often we do not disentangle these functions of assessment, without having really thought it through assessments are frequently trying to do all these things, to varying degrees.(Oxford Brookes University,2011). In fact it is arguable that while it is desirable for assessments meeting the first three of these functions to be conducted as often as possible, the final two do not need to be done anywhere near so frequently; it is simply important that they are done somewhere. The implications of this are that while an essay question, where all the answers are double marked and the marks count towards the students’ final grades, may fulfil all these functions, for all assessments to be this rigorous would be prohibitively expensive in staff time, while a peer-assessed seminar presentation, which does not count towards the students’ final grades but is simply a course requirement, could fulfil the first three functions and may not even require a tutor to be present. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Formative assessment is typically contrasted with summative assessment. The former supports teachers and students in decision-making during educational and learning processes, while the latter occurs at the end of a learning unit and determines if the content being taught was retained.(Wikipedia,2013). Formative assessment is not distinguished by the format of assessment, but by how the information is used. The same test may act as either formative or summative. However, some methods of assessment are better suited to one or the other purpose. CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT During formative assessment, learning is the shared goal of both teacher and student and alterations to the teaching and learning process take place as needed to further the goal. This allows both the teacher and the student the opportunity for assessment and improvement as an ongoing process instead of an end product. Formative assessments are assessments for learning, rather than assessments of learning, according to the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Focused Formative assessments are focused on the learning process as well as the learning progress. While other assessments may only focus on the end result, formative assessments check the students progress consistently so that adjustments can be made to reach learning goals. Ongoing A formative assessment is consistent and ongoing throughout the learning process. It differs from assessments that focus on the end result. Ongoing assessments give both teachers and students the chance to make adjustments to teaching and learning strategies so learning ultimately takes place. Immediate While other forms of assessment focus on the end result, formative assessments provide immediate feedback to both teachers and students due to ongoing assessment practices. The immediate feedback teachers and students experience can be used to motivate and further learning. LIMITATIONS OF FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTS Although offering many benefits, effective formative assessment can be difficult to achieve at scale. It may be logistically impossible to provide detailed descriptive feedback for each student in a large class. Even with a smaller number of students to deal with, formative assessment is time-consuming as it requires significant, ongoing dedication and effort from the teacher to sustain. This is especially true when combined with the summative assessments teachers are required to complete. The layered accountability chain in education — student to teacher, teacher to school, school to district, etc. — creates systemic pressure for student performance to be objectively and comparatively measurable at each level. Formative assessment, by definition, doesn’t easily provide that kind of accountability. This explains why, although the advantages of formative assessment have been repeatedly articulated since the distinction between it and summative assessment was first made in 1967, empirical studies continue to show that very few teachers consistently make use of it in actual practice. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Summative assessment measures attainment and allows for the recording of the learning progress. It usually takes the form of tests and examinations, though it is becoming increasingly common for summative assessment to include other tasks such as a project completed during the school year. This move away from assessments based on a single examination gives learners the opportunity to perform to the best of their ability. Not all learners perform well under examination pressure. Furthermore,examinations do not always lend themselves to eliciting the range of language structures and uses that have been the objective of teaching CHARACTERISTICS OF SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT The results of summative assessment allow us to determine the degree to which learners have attained specific learning objectives. Such a decision may have an important consequence on learners’ future prospects. It is therefore crucial that not only is the assessment valid, but that the results obtained are reliable. Validity relates to whether the assessment tasks assess what they intend to assess. Reliability, on the other hand, refers to the results obtained and whether these would be the same if the same learners took the assessment on another occasion provided that no further learning had taken place and regardless of who marked the assessment if more than one person was involved in the process.(Summative assessment,2005). Whether summative assessment is norm-or criterion-referenced will be determined by the purpose of the assessment. If we need to select the best candidates to, for example, continue with their education, then norm-referencing would be appropriate. However, if we are interested in whether candidates have mastered certain skills, then we would not get the required information through norm-referencing.(Meason) For example, when assessing airline pilots we are interested in whether they can fly a plane safely to a very high level of proficiency. Knowing which trainees were the best would not suffice since it is possible that no trainee of a given group would have reached the required standard to safely fly a plane LIMITATIONS OF SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Students can face anxiety in preparation for a test, an anxiety that grows as the perception of the test’s significance grows. Summative tests advise schools to commit to prolonged pretesting procedures and preparation classes, which can increase student anxiety.(Spiral). In addition, some students simply do not test well, and the result is a testing procedure that fails to adequately assess the real talents of individual students, while a formative assessment would allow a teacher to evaluate these conditions and better assess a student’s ability Summative assessments fan have an overall negative impact on student self-esteem, resulting from the perception of inferiority that standardized tests can give test-takers. Students who perform poorly on standardized tests were found to suffer from lower self-esteem in situations where these same students had not previously exhibited signs of self-esteem problems.(Boggiano,1992). Even students who perform average or well on standardized tests can suffer from the failure to meet their own higher expectations. The result can be a reduction in educational motivation.(Hammond). EXAMPLES OF FORMATIVE AND SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT FROM TEACHING AND LEARNING PERSPECTIVE CONCLUSION In my view,both types of assessments are better,that is a balanced assessment.A balanced assessment system in one in which a variety of assessments are used for a variety of purposes and communications about results facilitates student involvement and ownership of learning.Formative assessment can be vital importance in helping the teacher and students determine the quality of learning that is taking place and can allow them to forecast the results of summative tests some time in advance of the summative testing.Such results can be used as the basis for altering the teaching learning situation early enough to change the immediate as well as alter the forecast. Learning is a process which can be observed and evaluated as it is taking place.Formative evaluation can be used to make the process more effective long before the summative evaluation.Recognition of  the interaction among formative evaluation teaching and learning and summative evaluation can do much to improve teaching and learning before it is too late. REFERENCES Aranda S,Yates P.An Overview of assessment.Canberra: (EdCaN),Australia;(2009).Retrieved from: www.edcan.org/pdf/edCanOverview.pdf Boggiano A,Pittman T. Achievement and Motivation: A Social-Developmental Perspective.(Eds).(1992).Cambridge Press.New York. Hammond,K.eHow.Education.Summative assessment weaknesses.Retrieved from: http://www.ehow.com/info_8568251_summative-assessment-weaknesses.html Meason C.eHow.Education.Characteristics of Formative assessment.Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/list_6732311_characteristics-formative-assessment.html Oxford Brookes University.(2011).Purpose of Assessment.Retrieved from: www.brookes.ac.uk/services/ocsld/resources/assessment/purposes.htm Spira M.eHow.Education.Disadvantages of Formative Assessment.Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/info_8502289_advantages-disadvantages-formative-assessment.html Stiggins,R.,Arter,J.,Chappuis,S.(2008).Classroom assessment for student learning.Educational Testing Service.Retrieved from: http://www.bcsd.org/district.cfm?subpage=55380 ‎Summative assessment.(2005).Retrieved from http://cd1.edb.hkedcity.net/cd/eng/tba_eng_sec/web/3_1w.htm Spira M.eHow.Education.Disadvantages of Formative Assessment.Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/info_8502289_advantages-disadvantages-formative-assessmen

Organizational Plan Implementation I Research Paper

Organizational Plan Implementation I - Research Paper Example The Need for Electronic Medical Records in Psychiatric Hospital Setting The term Electronic Medical Records (EMR) refers to clinical and managerial utilities of technologies, which include electronic prescribing, billing, computerized physician order entry (CPOE), reporting, record keeping as well as documentation. Psychiatric hospitals are characterized by bulk data records and the kind of patients who are likely to complain on the quality of services given by nurses. EMR implementation will enhance proper, essential, and up to date record keeping for amicable resolution of any controversies or ligations and ensure quality services in psychiatric hospitals. Nurses play a major role in psychiatric hospitals and are required to keep records used by other colleagues such as physicians in making decisions regarding mental patients. Implementing Electronic Medical Record keeping procedure to substitute paper-based medical records will give medical care givers including nurses more time t o focus on caregiving (Sharfstein, Dickerson, & Oldham, 2009). By implementing EMR, it will be easy for nurses to notice and correct any inefficiency. Additionally, EMR will allow installation of other programs such as automatic communication, which helps in improving the quality of services in psychiatric hospitals where patients require frequent attention from nurses (Sharfstein, Dickerson, & Oldham, 2009). Implementing EMR in psychiatric hospitals will enable cooperation between different departments thus enhance making of decisions regarding patients since electronically saved data will be easily and simultaneously accessed by different departments (Luo, 2006). Proper use of EMR will promote early identification and apposite treatment of potentially violent psychiatric patient behaviors. In the long run EMR will protect individual nurses and other care providers from allegations of bad record-keeping. Additionally, EMR keeping is easy and will ensure that professional and legal welfare of nurses are not undermined by lack or incomplete records (Luo, 2006). Organizational and Individual Barriers to Implementation of EMR There are significant challenges that would affect the implementation of EMR in psychiatric hospitals. One of the major challenges would be finances. Implementation of EMR requires a lot of money to buy the EMR systems and training. Psychiatric hospitals are characterized by financial limitations since the services offered cannot yield sufficient funds to implement and maintain such a program. To resolve this I would advise the hospitals to seek financial assistance from donors in addition to seeking government funding. Another challenge concerns patient’s privacy since EMR would lead to possible access of patient’s information by other parties who may use it for selfish or harmful motives. Most psychiatric hospitals are still lacking technological clarity regarding disclosure of patient health information to secondary sources. This problem will not be too rampant since the HIPPA act clearly explains on disclosure of private health information. Additionally, I will encourage hospital management to offer training regarding prevention of PHI to wrong parties (Luo, 2006). An additional challenge is that psychiatric hospitals possess a lot of bulk paper records thus it would be difficult and burdensome to convert such records to electronic records. To ease the work, the conversion

St. Augustine' Art of Rhetoric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

St. Augustine' Art of Rhetoric - Essay Example years. I have gone through his works and heard one of his quotes that I really enjoyed because it explained very eloquently one of my main pursuits in life. The quote goes "The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only a page." (Saint Augustine). Hearing that quote got me interested in learning more about this Saint and his life and rhetoric works. St. Augustine was an extremely intelligent man. He was born at Tagaste in proconsul Numidia in 354, to pagan father and a Christian mother. After his first studies in his native city, he went to Carthage, with the financial aid of Romanians, to complete his studies in rhetoric. At the same time, however, he fell a slave to his youthful passions and even became connected with the Manichaean religious sect. After completing his studies, he first established his school at Tagaste, and later at Carthage, where he taught rhetoric for eight years, at the same time studying philosophy and the natural sciences. Augustine was greatly influenced during his education and in his adolescence byCicero, a Roman rhetorician, a great master of Latin rhetoric and composition and especially one of his works in particular,Hortensius. Augustine stated that rhetoric is neither good nor bad in it self, but can be used to effectively defend both what is true and what is false.

Compare and contrast two Middle Eastern civil wars, such as Lebanon, Essay

Compare and contrast two Middle Eastern civil wars, such as Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, or Libya - Essay Example Through associate degree analysis of various cultural constructions, the conflict that passed off throughout the war has helped in Lebanon’s healing method (Horowitz 2008, 217). In Syria, President Bashar Al- Assad took power in the year 2000 immediately after the death of his father Hafez that had dominated Syria right from 1970. President Assad hastily dotted hopes of political reforms, as the power remained targeted within the ruling family, and therefore the system of one party gave few avenues for political opposition. With lack of nonviolent transfer of leadership since the Fifties, amendments will only happen solely through a military coup or a well-liked struggle. This report, will explain the similarities and differences of the civil wars in Lebanon and Syrian states in the Middle East and their roles in bringing political reforms in the respective nations. The vicious loop of enhanced sectarian attitude, escalating sadism and out of doors support has up to now, prevented any serious attempts to resolve the conflict between the war-ridden factions in the Syrian nation (Leenders & Heydemann 2012, 142). The government and the opponent deny one another as conflict partners in an exceedingly competitive struggle however regard each other a vital enemy to tumble or destroy. Anassessmentof Lebanon provided that sectarian as well as ethnic identities had changed into settled markers for violence and thrown the nation into a destructive war (Sambanis 2004, 823). The main issue is if a power-sharing approach that resembles the one efficiently employed in Lebanon can be suitable in making sure the war in Syria is ended. Opponents to the idea the application of the Lebanon model to Syria argue that the two nations that are characterized by social compositions of a sectarian nature have administrative arrangements that are incommensurable (Ghosn & Khoury 2011, 381). The area is the foundation of the three most

Peter's Declaration to Alexei Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peter's Declaration to Alexei - Essay Example This declaration in question partakes of the conventions of the ethical will, a didactic literary genre popular with Russian moralists of all political persuasions. However, instead of actually giving some moral and practical advice to Alexei, Peter decides to deprive him of his right to the inheritance of the throne. Peter I, though, does give reasons behind his attitude toward his son, one important issue being that Alexei does not even care to listen to him regarding the military affairs although they should be grateful to the military for being in the better position they were in now as compared to the previous times. It is apparent that Peter I felt that the art of war is something that should be known by every young man. He felt that it is the only way through which they can learn about order and defense and in Peter’s opinion, these two things are extremely important ingredients for there to be a well-ordered reign. Peter’s own son, however, failed in this area a nd it was his decision to disinherit him as he is of no use to the kingdom he would be getting after Peter I. Peter I felt that Alexei cannot rule without having the know-how of such things. Thus, without any hesitation, Peter gave his son the status of a lazy slave and made him appear as a good for nothing lad who can never make into this world. Peter, I was sad that he had not been able to change his son and make something out of him though he had tried every kind of action, including verbal and physical beatings and scolding.

Assignment 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment 9 - Essay Example Firstly, with regards to the RIAA, it comes as this prize that this group fundamentally reject any form of copyright infringement and/work piracy. The most obvious reason and rationale behind this is with regards fact that the that the RIAA represents a massive number of entities that derive their profitability the fact that individuals legally acquire the products and services that they offer. However, instead of directly discussing the level of financial harm that this does to the RIAA and its bottom line, the website promotes an understanding of the fact that the individual who engages in copyright infringement and/work piracy is directly hurting the individual artist at the very lowest levels of their organization. This commons as somewhat of a surprise due to the fact that the major record companies generally cell a new CD for approximately $15-$16. Of this $15-$16, the individual artist is only receiving approximately $1.60 per records sold. As can be seen, this 10% is negligib le in terms of damages effected upon the artist himself/herself. This is of course not say that copyright infringement work high receipt has little to no effect upon the artist; however, it does help to underscore a level of understanding with regards to why the RIAA is so flagrantly and aggressively advocating the loss of profits that such a process entails. Comparatively, groups such as Piratbyran seek to promote a world in which a free flow of information is both possible and realized. Within groups such as Piraybyran, individuals believe that an alternative method of economics can readily exist that would help to connect the potential user directly to the artist thereby maximizing profitability for the one should be most rewarded and gutting the middleman out of the process entirely. Moreover, the rationale and logic of the particular position that such a group supports is with respect to an understanding that that in and of itself represents a situation in which a good is taken ceases to exist within the possession of the original holder. However, with regards to software piracy and copyright infringement, merely a copy is passed on to another individual with the primary good still being within control of the original holder; thereby signifying that no such that has taken place top Although both of these viewpoints represent reasonable approaches to the issue of copyright infringement in the way in which the world will continue to develop, it is the belief of this author that a middle ground necessarily exists. Seizing upon this middle ground, firms such as Apple and a litany of others have begun offering services such as iTunes which allow individual consumers to directly download content to their personal devices without being charged exorbitant fees they might be charged within a traditional brick and mortar store. In such a way, not only is the individual able to have access to electronic content with a mere click of the mouse, the artist is also able to derive a higher degree of profitability from their output as compared to traditional record releases that it defined so much of the past several decades. Finally, it must be understood that the moral high ground that the RIAA is seeking to take is something much less noble than it claims to

Project 2 plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project 2 plan - Essay Example The second form is filled in by the investigating officer and comprises of stating the corrective action taken and the medical treatment administered. Conducting the investigation follows five phases; preparing for the investigation where the report of the accident is submitted, gathering evidence and information which can be executed by using digital photographs to extract evidence like camera matching, photogrammetry and rectification. It can also be done by interviewing witnesses for example by using the indirect conversational approach where the witness talks freely about the incident or through questioning the witness based upon his responses. The third phase is analyzing the data which attempts to understand the accident based on the available data collected. Various techniques are used like fault tree, failure modes and effects analysis, cause-consequence analysis and simulation. The fourth phase is discussion of the analysis and conclusion which involves documentation of the accident based on the understanding from the available data. The last phase is recommendations whereby specific advice is given on how to evade reoccu rrence of the accident based upon the investigation

Analyzes pages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzes pages - Essay Example When one considers the role transportation plays in the global dissemination of goods and services, it is but natural to conclude that those nations that constitute the hub of international shipping and road routes are poised to benefit much owing to their geographical location. According to Warf, globalization signifies a â€Å"†¦ unprecedented growth in interconnectedness, of flows of capital, goods, people and information across those borders†¦ (Warf 271).† Being geographically located at important points on the international trade routes makes a nation have access to the global goods and services and the commensurate influences they bring in their wake (Warf 284). Thereby, being exposed to the global trading activities, such nations but naturally tend to accrue economic efficiency that is the hallmark of globalization owing to having a ready access to a wide range of goods and services at a low cost, the economies of scale and the competitive advantage that goes with them. Such nations are also more exposed to diverse ideas, philosophies and cultures (Warf 284). Geographically speaking, being the primary producer of a specific resource also makes a nations accrue the fruits of globalization. For instance, considering the concentration of the petroleum industry in the Middle East, the nations in this region are bound to be influenced by global trends and ideas and are relatively more susceptible to globalization. However, the thing that needs to be kept in mind is that many a time geography may also impede globalization. For instance the regions where the transportation routes and communications technologies are not well developed like say the sub-Saharan nations, owing to economic, political, cultural or climatic reasons, may not cull out the benefits of globalization. This is because such regions are not conducive to the free flow of goods and services, people and ideas for globalization is about,

Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Public Relations - Essay Example This paper will explain societal and organizational functions of PR, citing an example of an issue from an organization. It will further explain how the example used would be addressed both on societal and organizational levels. American Apparel is a youth attire brand in the United States that employs the services of professional designers, marketers and managers. Being among the top homegrown brands, the organization betrayed the loyalty of their customers as well as its corporate responsibility by taking advantage of a disaster and using it to market its products. During the event of Hurricane Sandy, the organization sent an email blast encouraging retailers to shop online within a 36-hour period and get a 20 percent discount. The marketing effort turned into an insult when it suggested that the customers were bored after being trapped in their homes by the hurricane, hence it was offering an escape from boredom. The PR officials had done a poor job in their social functions, beca use property and life had been destroyed, with millions of the trapped victims left without electrical power to even get online, yet no apology was offered for the offensive email blast. Societal functions of PR stipulate that public opinion about an organization must be gauged by analyzing what appears online, on the air and in print (Broom, Allen & Scott, 1994). The PR officials should issue press releases on company news, communicate with journalists on industry trends and establish the organization as a responsible player in the industry. Reputation should also be managed online through interactions with prospects and existing customers via social media websites. Conversations should be created by posting updates, responding and commenting to questions or complaints. Despite knowledge of these responsibilities, the marketing director and PR manager at American Apparel did not respond to the huge public outcry about their poor choice of marketing strategy. Customers responded to the email claiming never to visit the stores again, and urging whoever came across the email to spread the same word. This could have devastating effects on the existence of the organization. Innocent employees who had nothing to do with the posting of the email will be traumatized by the comments being made about the organization as a whole, with a negative impact on performance. Those with friends and relatives that were victims of the hurricane may be affected more. If the customers carry out their threats of never visiting the stores again, shutting down would be inevitable. Within the society, the organization would be viewed as being very socially irresponsible. At a time when everyone expects them to join in salvaging a disaster affecting the most critical element of stakeholders, the customers, the firm uses it to market. Organizational functions of PR require the PR manager to share the organizational goals and vision with their internal audience, which includes shareholder s and employees, and seek their feedback (Broom, Allen & Scott, 1994). Open communication increases shareholder satisfaction and employee engagement through uniting an organization in its quest of collective goals via a common identity. Crises can be managed by preparing and sharing response strategies in advance and updating shareholders and

Human factors in technology Essay Example for Free

Human factors in technology Essay Man is the only being who has utilized technology, to the point that it also caused technology to change rapidly through time. Technology has been one of the most influential concepts in the lives of every human being throughout history. It was so influential that it had become one of the major deciding factors in the direction of history. Technological innovations had evolved from the simple to the very complex. From the simple stone cutting tools that prehistoric man had, to the contemporary blades that virtually do not need any resharpening at all. There had also been evolution from the very crude computing technique such as the finger counting, to the very complex supercomputers. In terms of transportation, from the very simple mode of walking and running, man had innovated transportation technology by inventing and innovating cars, planes, ships, etc. Technology had not only affected transportation and computing, but also the social and psychological scene as well. Companies whose general trade is information and technology are the ones whose organizational structure is very much affected by the technological changes. Most of the companies are either computer manufacturers or technological research companies. Apple Inc. , formerly known as Apple Computer, Inc. is an American-based multinational corporation which has its focus on technical manufacturing and designing of electronics and software programs for variations of consumers all around the world. It headquarters can be found in Cupertino, California (Apple, Inc. , 2007; History of Apple, 2007; Mesa, 1998; Apple. com, 2007). This company basically focuses on the development and support of several electronic gadgets for the market. This same company currently has its eyes focused on the innovation of already existing technologies, as well as the formation of a new breed of technology for the market. Some of its world-famous creations are the iPod, iPhone and the AppleTV. Aside from these electronic equipment and gadgets, the Apple, Inc. is also into the creation of new and better software programs. In the past, it had focused on creating and developing operating systems (OS), and specific application programs. Today, Apple, Inc. is now setting the path before it releases its newest operating system, the Mac OS X â€Å"Leopard†. Apple is very much into expanding its frontiers by exploring new ways of marketing and product presentation (Apple, Inc. , 2007; History of Apple, 2007; Mesa, 1998; Apple. com, 2007). It is now into the trend of having an online store where its products, whether hardware or software, can be bought by just a click of the mouse. The company is well-known for their very user-friendly hardware as well as software. Their iPod series, as well as their iPhone, Macintosh series of personal computers and peripherals, iLife software suite, and the Mac OS are just some of their best-known software and hardware products. Also, the company is a major supplier of prosumer software products for specialized purposes such as the audio and film industry (Apple, Inc. , 2007; History of Apple, 2007; Mesa, 1998; Apple. com, 2007). The mentioned things about Apple, Inc. , set up a background for the contemporary company. Technology has an implicit message, and that is to put everything into a very objective perspective, where everything could and should not be subject to an individual’s / group’s personal judgments or beliefs. By virtue of technology, man was able to do things such as measurement and judgment without having biases. With the use of technology, organizations can track their development without having doubts if the people who assessed them were biased about the evaluation process. But this strength is also its weak point. Being very objective would mean that the assessment would be very strict, and it would be guided by certain sets of quantified measurements such as numbers and / or a set of quantified codes. These standards for judgment and assessment can be used to evaluate employees’ activities, company sales and company economic standing. Having these strict standards would mean an easier, more efficient and more economic way of assessing the company. With these, companies such as the Apple could rely on machines about their company’s survival. Machines, which are products of modern technology, could be programmed to assess particular aspects of the company and suggest possible options about how to make the company even more productive. This may sound farfetched, but it could be a good way of looking at the possibility of how machines could help organizations in optimizing their parts. Business oriented companies such as the Apple is currently facing the possibilities of having less human members, and more help from the technology they are developing. These companies, with the help of modern technology, could be able to assess their employees using certain standards that can be input to a computer for further assessment. This way, there would be less processing time, less need for human HRD team members, less specialists in the field of assessing people, more possible members for the pool of computer and technology specialists (which could also mean more capital would be invested on the specialty of the company), and less expenses on the part of the company. Looking at the advantages posed by this method, it would be good to conclude that this could boost company income, thus uplift the lives of its employees in an economic and political sense. On the other hand, this method could also pose a very detrimental effect to the company as a whole, both in the macro and micro perspectives. One disadvantage of this method would be that without the subjective judgments of humans on human resources, it would be possible to miss important and potentially able applicants. Also, it would be possible that the programmed machines would not be able to look the implicit factors such as family background and the personality types of the applicants. Another is the fact that hardcore statistics, which programmed machines use, does not claim that the results are products of the interplay of all possible factors, instead it can only present results with the extraneous factors (which may possibly matter) omitted. References: Apple. com (2007).Retrieved August 9, 2007 from http://www. asia. apple. com/. Apple, Inc. (2007). Wikipedia: The Fee Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 9, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Apple_Computer. History of Apple (2007). ). Wikipedia: The Fee Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 9, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc.. Mesa, A. (2007). Apple History Timeline. The Apple Museum. Retrieved August 9, 2007 from http://applemuseum. bott. org/sections/history. html.

Konigsberg Bridge Problem

Konigsberg Bridge Problem The earliest paper on graph theory seems to be by Leonard Euler,Solutio problematic ad situs pertinentis,Commentarii Academetarii Scientiarum Imperialist Petropolitanae 8 (1736),128-140.Euler discusses whether or not it is possible to scroll around Konigsberg(later called the Pregolya exactly once. Euler gave the conditions which are necessary to permit such a stroll. Thomas Pennyngton Kirkman (1856) and Wiliam Roman Hamilton (1856) studied trips which certain sites exactly once. History of Euler paths and cycles An Eulerian path is a path in a graph which visits each edge exactly once in the theory graph .so, in the same way, an Eulerian circuit is an Eulerian path which starts and ends on the same vertex. They were first discussing by Leohard Eular while solving the famous Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem in 1736. Mathematically the problem can be stated like this: Given the graph on the right, is it possible to construct a path (or a cycle for example, a path starting and ending on the same vertex) which visits each edge exactly once Graphs which allow the manufacture of so called Eulerian cycles are called Eulerian graphs. Euler observed that a necessary condition for the existence of Eulerian cycles is that all vertices in the graph have an even degree, and that for an Eulerian path either all, or all but two (i.e., the two endpoint) vertices have an even degree; this means the Konigsberg graph is not Eulerian. Carl Heierholzer published the first complete characterization of Eulerian graphs in 1873, by proving that in fact the Eulerian graphs are exactly the graphs which are connected and where every vertex has an even degree. Example using euler in our daily life is using in the teaching for set theory that widely use in the schools. Another example is to visualizing file system organization.it will allows files to appear in more than one directory in a computers file system. The history of the Konigsberg Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) is considered to have been the father of graph theory. His paper in 1736 on the seven bridges of Konigsberg is considered to have been the foundational paper in the subject. Konigsberg is a town, founded in 1256, that was originally in Prussia. After a stormy history, the town became part of Soviet Union and was renames Kaliningrad in 1946. In any event, during Eulers time the town had seven bridges (named Kramer, Schmiede, Holz, Hohe, Honig, Kottel, and Grunespanning) spanning the Pregel River. Figure 8.1 gives a simplified picture of how the bridges were originally configured (two of the bridges were later destroyed during World War II, and two other demolished by the Russians. History of Hamiltonian: Hamiltonian is introduced by Sir William Rowan Hamilton at 1857. He made a game called around the world and the originally in form of solid called dodecahedron. It has 20corners/for each corner, it called as town. The problem started when the travel started from one city to another city along the edge to arrive at city by only once arrived at one city. This is how the Hamiltonian is appearing. There is example of using Hamiltonian in life such as no-complete, n-cube and traveling salesman problem. Two types of Hamiltonian are Hamiltonian path and Hamiltonian cycle Introduction Path Path is the sequences of alternating vertices and edges. Which begin from a vertex and ended with a vertex. Each vertex is preceded and followed by its endpoints. Simple path Simple path is a path such that all its vertices and edges are distinct. Below is a graph that gives differences between path and simple path. Path 1: v,b,x,h,z(simple path) Path 2 : u,c, w,f,y,g,x,e,d,v(path) Example of path is the way of bus direction from one destination to another destination. In other hand, simple path is a path that no complicated for example the direction from faculty of FTSM to faculty of FUU. Cycle Circle is a circular sequence of alternating vertices and edges. Each edges is preceded and followed by its endpoints. Simple cycle Simple cycle is a cycle such that all its vertices and edges are distinct. Cycle: u,c,w,e,x,g,f,w,d,v,a,u Simple cycle:v,b,x,g,y,f,w,c,u,a,v, Example of using cycle in life is when we travel to another place then come back to our home with using the different ways. Another example in ukm is the bus ways for example bus zone 2 will make a circle to take student and will come back to the initial location where the busy will take a rest. For simple cycle, we always see in sport, such as the court for athletes running especially in event of 400 * 100 meters. Then, we also can see in power plant program that is simple cycle power plant (pp) program. It gives much benefit such as optimized design, reduced engineering costs, short lead times, increase availability and fast startups also high operational flexibility. Connected Graph Connected graph is a graph that there exists a path between all pairs of vertices. If a graph is a directed graph, there exist a path between vertexes to each other that in the graph, is called as strongly connected graph. The examples of disconnected graphs: Example of using connected graph is use in building. For example Menara Berkembar Petronas, there is a bridge to connect the two buildings. Another example is the bridge of Pulau Pinang. First use to connect the island and peninsular Malaysia. Example of disconnected graph is other hand than connected graph. For example the building of one employee is not connected by bridge with another employee. Next, the Island of Sipadan is not connected by a bridge with Borneo land. An Euler path in a graph is a path which traverses each edge of the graph exactly once. An Euler cycle is an Euler path which is contains cycle. If there are no loop graphs, without isolated vertices, the continuation of an Euler path implies the connected of the graph, since traversing every edge of such a graph requires visiting each vertex at least once. But, when the connected graph has an Euler path, one can be constructed by applying Fleurys algorithm. A connected graph has an Euler path if it has exactly zero or two vertices of odd degree. If every vertex has even degree, the graph has an Euler cycle. The definition and properties of Euler paths, cycles and graphs are valid for multigraph as well. The seven bridge of Konigsberg In Konigsberg, Germany, a river ran through the city such that in its centre was an island, and after passing the island, the river broke into two parts. Seven bridges were built, so that the people of the city could get from one part to another part. A crude map of the centre of Konigsberg might look like this: The people wondered whether or not, one could walk around the city in a way that would involve crossing each bridge exactly once. Degree of vertex Term of degree of vertex in graph theory is the number of edges which connected to a vertex. Degree of vertex also known as local degree. The list of all degree of vertex is called as degree sequences. One way to find the number of vertex is count the number of degree for each vertex that endpoint. An easy way is draw a circle around the vertex and count the number of edges that cross the circle. The degree of vertex can be add or even. if the degree of vertex is even, it is known as degree vertex and the other hand, if the degree of vertex is odd, the vertex is called an odd vertex. To find out the degree of graph is by choose the largest degree of vertex. Example graph with have odd and even vertex: Example degree of vertex is application of roundabout because there are many roads that connected. Either the value is odd or even. The road can be representing as edges and the roundabout as the vertex. Another example is the number of use degree of vertex in electrical pole such as the number of wire connected to the one pole. Hamiltonian path: Hamiltonian path is also called as traceable path. Hamiltonian path is a path that visits each vertex exactly one and not repeated for each vertex in a graph. Hamiltonian graph us use to solve a problem when find a path that only visited each vertex only one in a graph. Hamiltonian cycle: Hamiltonian cycle is a cycle that goes through the entire city (vertex) only once for a graph. It cannot be repeated to reach a city for a one cycle except the starting and the ended city. Results of research and real world examples Graphs can be used to represent oil flow in pipes, traffic flow on motorways, transport of pollution by rivers, groundwater movement of contamination, biochemical pathways, and the underground network. The example of Euler path: There are many useful applications to Euler circuits and paths. Networks can be used to solve many difficult problems, like the Konigsberg Bridge problem. The can also used by mail carrier who wants to have a route where they do not retrace any of their previous steps. Other than that, Euler circuits and paths are also useful to painters, garbage collector, airplanes pilots and world navigators. Below are the examples of how Euler circuit and paths are useful in the real world. The maps that pilots use are called route maps. The route maps show the paths of the airplanes from one destination to another. Here is an example of actual route map. The centre for all travel with this airline is in Denver, Colorado. From there, we can travel to some of the major cities in the surrounding states. The Navigation below is a trip to see all different regions of the world. The above regions of the world have all been given different colors. Each region also has been given marked with a node or vertex and some (but not all) of the regions are connected with arcs. Conclusions and recommendations As the conclusion towards this particular project, the study of graphs and their properties is a classical subject in most computer science department around the world. Graph Theory can be further exploited by object-oriented software engineering, taking advantage of recent research in various fields. Other than that, Graph theory is one of the top reasons to learn linear Algebra. So, all graphs (included directed, weighted, and multi-graphs) can be represented intuitive by adjency matrices, and matrix operations often end up being meaningful in terms of graph they represent. Seeing the connection between a graph and its matrix helps to understand both of them, and being able to switch back and forth between mental models is often useful. For example, a person in many fields of modeling, are mostly easily thought of the weight graphs, and are most easily manipulated as matrices. By learning the entire graph, the student can get many benefits by it especially the computer science student. So, our recommendation towards this topic in order to make the student easy to learn and improve themselves are for example, ask the student to make a lot of exercise. Other than that, ask them to make an assignment about this topic. So that the student can search many information based on this topic and become more familiar and understand about graph theory

Specification for a Concrete Footpath

Specification for a Concrete Footpath PUBLIC SAFETY The area was taped and coned of so no traffic could intrude. The excavation was fenced off with orange fencing so no pedestrians could have access. EXCAVATION: Excavate total area to required depth 150mm and remove all waste from site,Excavations are generally undertaken using the correct machines (8 tone digger)was used for this job. And the work undertaken is to excavate the required area to the correct depth dependent on the specification being used, however there are many specifications for different applications, generally domestic footpaths excavate virgin ground to a depth of 160mm for new applications. But for this job there was crush already down so we excavated 160mm to 170mm to give some tolerance to put the shutters in. Next we used a small whacker plate for 7 passes to compact a solid base for the concrete. To form falls and cross falls to assist water escape. We took a level to the top of the step and the last level to work out the difference between them to get your fall which ours was 53mm. This is within tolerance for our specification. After the shutters are in place we placed down DPM to stop moisture spreading into the concrete. Secondly we cut steel mesh so it fitted in but with an extra 50mm cut off each side to have sufficient cover to stop the concrete from rusting, also with a 50mm spacer for it to float in the middle. Once the concrete was poured in the vibrating poker is used all around the area to prevent any voids being left in the concrete. Next the concrete tampered down to help compaction it allows the 20mm aggregate to sink. So when you come to float its easier to get a smoother finish. Lastly we finished the concrete with arris edges and a broom finish before leaving we covered the concrete with polyene to prevent weather condition harming the concrete.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Plans and surveys   We were responsible for setting out the footpaths accurately to line and level in the dimensions that we were given that the instruction supplied, and arranged. All soil including old concrete paths shall be removed from the site and the area kept neat and tidy to ensure minimum obstruction to traffic ways during the course of the work. No stockpiling of excavations shall be left on verges. DIMENSIONS: 4.39m, 1.54m, 0.15m 2.8m, 0.9m, 0.15m SUB-BASE: We use existing crush that was underneath FOOTPATH: This footpath with be 150mm thick with reinforce steel mesh. 1.54m wide coming from the existing step, to existing kerb level  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦0.9m compiling with specification as its doesnt need wheel chair access. FORMWORK: Formwork may be of either steel or planed timber and shall be fixed so as not to flex or displace during concreting operations. Formwork shall be of dimensions equal in depth to the thickness of the concrete to be poured. JOINTS: Every 1.5m long CONCRETE: 1.4m cubed Ready mixed concrete with a slump of 125mm, Maximum aggregated size shall be 20mm, Sand shall be clean, sharp, washed from a river or quarry sand, free from silt and organic matter. BACKFILL: Existing material Tools Steel trowel Arriss trowel Plastic float Shovel Rake Soft broom Claw hammer Lump hammer Sledge hammer Generator Vibrating poker Bolt cutter Plant 8 tonne digger Concrete lorry Materials Steel shutters Wooden planks Concrete DPM Steel mesh Nails Steel road pins Polythene Conclusions We found out that weather condition is a factor we had quite a lot of rain during the time the concrete was curing. Therefore it took longer for it to set so we were rushed for time so when we came to put a brush finish on it was still too wet so the finish isnt as neat as it could be. So in future we should check the forecast prior to work. We could count for rain by putting a gazebo up prior to working. We also originally add more water to the mix which didnt help with the time consumption. So we shouldnt off added more water that would of set more rapidly. Before After

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay -- Great Expectations Charle

Charles Dickens' Great Expectations Introduction: ‘Great Expectations’ was one of Dickens’ best-known novels and was written in 1860. ‘Great Expectations’ is a Bildungsroman and follows the progression of Pip from child to adult; from humble blacksmith to gentleman; from innocence to experience; from rags to riches and on his journey, Pip meets a range of interesting characters, from the comical Wemmick, to the cruel Estella. This novel reflects parts of Victorian times, with class divide, child labour and improving one’s fortunes. Dickens wrote to entertain the public and the public got a say in how the novel progressed due to the fact that Dickens wrote in monthly instalments in a magazine called ‘Household Words’. Dickens even had to re-write the final chapter so that the public was satisfied. Therefore Dickens needed to make his characters striking and memorable so that they were remembered later in the book. This novel also reflects Dickens’ own life experiences. Dickens was poor as a child and throughout his life, he worked his way up and became rich and this is reflected in the story with Pip going from a poor, lower class boy to a rich, upper class gentleman. In this essay I am going to explore how Dickens made his key characters striking and memorable by using different methods. Section 1- Magwitch =================== Dickens wrote ‘Great Expectations’ in the first person perspective of Pip. By doing this Dickens used a method by which he can create memorable and striking characters because the way that Pip reacts to the characters and the way they treat Pip makes us remember them. At the beginning of the book in chapter 1, Pip meets Magwitch, an escaped convict who threatens P... ...ds striking and memorable through use of physical description, setting and speech. The way that the characters interact with Pip is also important. Dickens makes Magwitch striking and memorable because of the way he is introduced through speech and the way he makes Pip and us feel. Miss Havisham is made particularly memorable to the reader, as she is so bizarre- receiving Pip initially in her dressing room and living her life in a time warp. Wemmick is perhaps the character most people can relate to- he is middle class and lives two separate lives. His individualism, his appearance and choice of home make him striking and memorable. The character who makes the biggest impression on me is Mr Wemmick because I think that his house and his actions are very bizarre and I believe he is a funny character and I think he is the character I can relate to.

Her Family Seed :: Short Story Stories Farming Essays

Her Family Seed It is the dawn of summer; in a large open corn field, a tiny girl with skinny legs stands at the edge. Far from her, a giant tractor ravishes and cracks the earth. The sharp deadly blades cut deep. With each cut, a fresh color of the earth appears, much darker than the layer before. With each slash, the air fills with fresh earthy scents of dead-decayed corn plants. In another gash, another grasshopper flies into the air, away from danger. With each catastrophic advance, the tractor makes, a seed of corn is planted. In a similar way the tiny girl’s family seed is planted within her. Within the seed’s embryo lies her family history and individuality. At this tender age, community and family values are continually deposited on her without her realizing it. The seed is buried into a graveyard of corn plants; where she can’t see it, just as she does not feel her family seed being planted. Even worse, it was planted into a field of innocence, constantly haunted by desires to run around half-naked in the rain when the rains finally came and a ride on the tractor. She does not realize that her family depends on these corn fields for food. At nights, she sits by the open fire roasting corn with her many brothers. The tiny girl does not know that her many brothers are actually her cousins and sons of her mother’s friends. As there is plenty of corn, her mother provides a home for all her sons. The corn fields also provide food for her neighbors that do not have enough. Her neighbors, the Bulunga family, live in three beautiful stick and mud huts, with thatched roofs. Like a centripetal force, the corn fields pull together her sense of family. Her innocence nurtures the seed until it slowly crawls out and bursts into green. And grows. This is the story about the 'seedling hood' within her, a part of her childhood unearthed. Right now, standing here by the old thatched hut, she looks up and sees a carpet of green. Their corn plants. Like broken pieces of glass on a side walk, the droplets of dew on the leaves reflect early morning light. She picks up her hoe. With a single hand she places it on her tiny fragile shoulders.

Conscription in WW1 Essay

Were Australians against the introduction of conscription during WW1?As the war was happening people back home in Australia were starting to realise that the war was not as much about bravery and pride as they originally thought because very few men were returning, but the government needed young healthy men because of the amount of men on the front line dying and they needed to be replaced. Australian men werent volunteering so in November 1917 prime minister, Billy Hughes wanted to introduce conscription to Australia and ask the people are you in favour of the proposal of the commonwealth government for reinstating the Australian imperial forces overseas? Conscription was like the lottery, you would be randomly chosen to go to war because of the day that you were born. Australians were given the opportunity to vote for or against conscription and campaigns were made to support each point of view. Two referendums were held, the first on the 28th of October 1916 and the second on the 10th of December 1917, both referendums were lost, the second showed 1181747 votes against and 1015159 votes for conscription. Two referendums were held because men kept dying on the front line and the government were getting desperate. Both referendums ended with majority no votes, the first with 72446 votes against and the second with 1181747 votes against. Women were the main target for pro and anti conscription campaigns because they were seen as weak fragile and sensitive. Propaganda was largely aimed at women to intimidate women and target their emotions, either to make them feel like they were sending their husbands and sons to die or that it was their duty to send them to fight for their country. It was a hard decision deciding whether or not to vote for conscription. Some people thought they should vote yes because of pride and defending and protecting their country and coming back as a war hero and also because of loyalty to Britain because they were still part of their empire, voting yes or no also targeted Christian women because killing is a serious sin. Songs and posters were made to persuade Australia to vote yes or no. People were told that if you vote yes it is your fault they die but also that if you vote yes the country wont be taken over and that you could save Australia  from the enemy. A white feather was sent to the people who voted no to represent and parade that they are cowards and to embarrass them publicly. Conscription broke people apart and divided the country, it destroyed friendships and families because there is either yes or no and no in between. The way you voted reflected your character and the way you were thought of. Anti conscription appealed to woman and made them feel like killers but pro conscription also appealed to women making them feel like they were sacrificing men for the good of the country. Conscription divided Australia and turned their worlds upside down. People didnt want to be forced to go to war or force someone to go to war because they realised how bad it was. Australians voted no because they wanted freedom of choice and not to be conscripted as if it was just a game. bibliography:-shannon mckinnon ww1- class sheets

Economic And Social Changes In Post 1960 Essay

This report is aimed at addressing young economical events and economic reports. First is summary of puzzles of un transaction rate, changes in usual expense direct, numerate output of goods and serve and the ways in which the presidency raises and spends money. Other beas to be reviewed admit examining the similitudeships between economic variables such(prenominal) as output, employment, interests, money and termss. This is the spot variables that determine macro-economic activities and the aim of national income in an saving. It on that pointfore analyses the instruction execution of the economy as a whole.Goals of Macro-Economic indemnity The major aims of macro-economic policy in relation to the youthful economic events be as shown below. (1)It aims at full employment take in the economy Full employment is good in an economy beca utilisation the greater the train of unemployment the greater the goods and service in an economy. When much(prenominal) go ods and operate be ca-cad in an economy more than than sales ar made. The more the sales are made. The more the sales made the profits as well as made by a order also increment. therefore to improve and improver profits made by companies at that place should be full employment level in an economy.Also the burden of unemployment and harm of goods and services is non desirable in an economy. (2) toll stability In consideration to the new economic events splashiness should be avoided at whole apostrophizes such that hurts go forward stable and predictable offer quantify. And this is advocated since rising prices adversely affects a issue forth of businesses and various(prenominal) purchasing endings. (3)Economic growth Takes move into when the palpable output adds more rapidly than the join on in universe of discourse. In developed countries return is superiorer than the plus in macrocosm growth.With economic growth the society has more goods and servi ces at its disposal and correspondingly elevated-pitched gear ensample of living. (4) extraneous chemical equilibriums If a acres has a favorable balance of payment its foreign replace results result increase and therefore it trick importing much postulate capital for coronation. untoward balance of payment impart locomote to reduced flow of foreign exchange to finance the trade deficit. Most create countries have unfavorable balance of payment. This has whiz to poor growth of their economies. Un care in developed countries that have a favorable balance of payment.Hence they earn more foreign exchange. This makes developed countries to import needed capital for investments. topic income accounting National income accounting is an accounting framework use in measuring sure economic activities of all countries in the world. They use or apply national income accounts as their standard measure. The national income accounts are based on the idea that the amount of eco nomic practise that occurs that occur during a period of time whoremaster be mensural in terms of the following. (1) Output produced, excluding output use up in intermediate coiffure of drudgery.If a uncouth produces more goods and services per year thus its economy give be improved. If the GDP (gross domestic product) is high it manner that the country has produced more goods and services within that year hence promoting the economy of the country. (2) Income approach In terms of income veritable by the manufacturing businesss output lump ostentatiousness refers to persistent increase in the general price level over time. By analyzing the recent economic events pomposity has got a number of effects to an economy. The following are the effects of flash.imputable to inflation income and wealthiness are redistributed arbitrarily, for inflation. Imposes a tax income on those who hold money as opposed to those who holding documentary assets. Inflation reduces the stand ard of living of persons dependent on immovable incomes, for font pensioners. It benefits debtors and penalizes lenders. collectable to inflation banks charge high interest rates. repayable to inflation interest rates rescind, both because raft require a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) reward for lending money which is move in value and also because the political science is military postured to take ant inflationary measures. Investment is discouraged by governing body ant-inflation policy .because of inflation the prices of goods go high compared to the rents volume are getting. nest egg is discouraged by high level of inflation in our economies things are potential to cost more if bought later. Hence people get out spend money to get goods and stock them . this discourages savings. Inflation encourages speculation by the purchase of really assets by acquire later than investment by the use of resources in production. Indeed inflation discourages investment in long-t erm projects because assertable government anti-inflation policies are difficult to forecast.Because of inflation inefficiency is promote because a sunny seller grocery store place blunts competition as higher prices obtained for their products book even in good firms to survive. Inflation does not promote health promotion. Good and efficient firms lack food market while unable firms supercharge market. Inflation generates industrial and social unrest since there is competition of higher incomes. Thus because of rising prices, trade unions ask for annual wages turn off. Often carrys egest the rate of inflation anticipating future rescind or rendering a larger shares of the national cake to improve their members real standard of living.Those with the most muscle gain at the expense of the weaker sort outs. Due to inflation employees in companies entrust strike in implore for high wages. This leave force the companies to deploy its employees delinquent to industri al unrests. By deploying a few workers the re chief(prenominal)ing erstwhile go forth then essential for higher wages. This situation forget affect the operations of a company. If also the company reduces the number of its employees fewer products will be produced. If production is low fewer sales will be made also modify the smooth running of the company.Additional administrative costs are incurred in offsetting go-slow and work to rule disruptions, allowing for inflation in negotiating contracts and wage rates, revising price lists and labels. High administrative costs arise due to inflation. Due to inflation companies may change their suppliers this means that newfound contracts should be made. To sign a new contract with a new company takes some time this will affect the progress of a company. Due to inflation also prices of products change. Time is interpreted at preparation of new price lists and price labels.The rate of inflation tilts to increase largely because high wage settlements in foretelling of higher future prices abet to bring about the rattling rise which people fear. Since people are containing for high wages then the rate of inflation increases this leads to an increase in the price of goods. External effects of inflation Inflation can create serious difficulties for a country that depends on international trade. These difficulties implicate Exports tend to decline because they are congenatorly monger in foreign market. Inflation increases the prices of products produced.This high prices discourse exports. Imports tend to decline because foreign goods are relatively cheap compared to Kenyan goods. Because of high prices of locally produced goods imports become discouraged. higher(prenominal) money incomes in the economy increase the demand for imports and tend to decrease exports because of buoyant home market makes it less(prenominal) indispensable for manufactures to seek outlets abroad for their goods. An outward figurehe ad of capital may take place if price rise continues. Since foreign trades and financiers lag confidence in the shilling maintaining its current rate of exchange.Due to high levels of inflation, prices of goods will keep on growing this will eventually lead to investors losing confidence in a country hence they will not continue investing there. money will not be invested in that country. It will lead to saving in other countries with stronger economies. Microeconomics Analysis on recent economic event under(a) microeconomics scarceness Due to the drought that is already bear upon people many products are enjoy scarce. For example due to lack of fall take out is now scarce hence the price of milk has gone very high.Due to the since there is high demand for milk and less is readily unattached at the market the price of milk keeps on change magnitude. Since milk is not getable in the market it means that its throttle in add up. Scarcity is a relative term and it means less than requirements. Scarcity of resources is the main economic problem because all the abilities within our disposal like time, wealth and money are all scarce. A commodity is considered scarce when it is limited in supply. And because of scarcity of resources human beings can not be satisfied.Theory of demand and supply in microeconomics In the country presently there is a shortfall of maize. Due to the shortage of maize in the country the price flour has nearly doubled. Demand theory plays a life-and-death role in business decision making. Business executives have to take decisions such as what to produce and how much to produce . However production managers will seek instruction regarding the commodity its respective quantities demanded by the consumers at different prices. There has been a shortage of lolly in the country.The main factors that led to the shortage of slit are Cost of production It is likely possible that the cost of production of bread was high, relative to the price hence few types of bread were being produced. When the cost of production of a product is higher than its relative price less of that product is produced or so firms end up closing their businesses due to the high cost involved in production. The production method Prices of the inputs such as poke, energy or machinery The price of bread was high for example due to the inflation rate of the country.Due to inflation labor charges go high also modify the price of bread. Some factors affect the demand of bread in the market. Such factors imply The level of income of people This is a key determinant. It states that as peoples income rise somebodys will tend to buy more of market products. Size of Market The size of the market may be measured by the population. A larger population implies a bigger demand of goods and services. Price of related goods changes in the price of substitutes will lead to a decrease or increase in the demand for the product. evaluate price rises If the government changes the tax rates, then there will be anticipation of price increases. This will lead to an increase in demand for the product in the short run. Increase in information technology The availability of broadband services to homes and offices has led to an increase in demand for products because shopping has become interesting. zero(prenominal)adays in the world, every home is intending to have an internet connection which is in essence increasing the demand for products and have a long variety to choose from.Taste or preference Special influence. These are seasonal demands, festivals or feasibilities and demonstration effects. Market structures unadulterated competitive market structures In arrant(a) in a competitive market structure no individual seller can influence the price of the commodity, perfective competitive is that situation of the market when there is large no of buyers and sellers, and there is no individual who dictates the price or the level ou tput. Its therefore clear that one price of one commodity prevails in such a market.Further its noted that in such a market mean(a) revenue and marginal revenue can will remain constant under the perfect competition however the imagination of cost is significant under this markets. The cost that are usually involved include total cost average fixed costs and marginal cost. Monopoly and monopolistic market Monopoly is that market structure in which a wizard producer controls the whole supply of a single commodity which has no close single substitute. In campaign of monopoly the following conditions essential apply(1) There must be one producer or one seller That single producer may be an individual owner or a group of partners. (2) The commodity produced by the producer must have no close substitute. For example considering the current shortage of tomatoes in our county. entirely one group of people are producing the tomatoes hence its price can exclusively be controlled by t his group of people country wide. REFERENCES Anonymous. A Not So Great 2008 Emerging Trends Report. National substantial Estate Investor (Online Exclusive), (Oct 17, 2007).Baumol W, (1992) Economics principles & policies Australia, edn, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich BLIX, Marten, 1995, fundamental Inflation- A Common Trends Approach, Bank of Sweden operative Paper No. 23 Elkington J. (2001) The Chrysalis Economy, Capstone, oxford. Hahn, E, affectionateness Inflation in the Euro Area An drill of the Generalized Dynamic Factor Model, heart for financial Studies Working Paper No. 2002/11 (Frankfurt Center for Financial Studies) McTaggart D Finlay C & Parkin M (2003) Economics, Pearson education Australia Waud R (1997) Macroeconomics Pearson, Longman.

Critial Vocab, English Lit a Level

Critical panache Builder A Abjure To throw only oerboard or retr ferment clairvoyance rack upici in ally or under oath, or solemnly. Abduration The act of renouncing. Ablation The surgical removal of an organ, social system, or get observe in to the fore. Ablate. Ablution The ritual washing of a priests hands. Abnegate (abnegation) To deny to 1self cede privileges, pleasure, and so on Abstergent Of cleaning or bush Abstr existenceipulation non easy to popularise recondite private. Acalculia psycol. An softness to gull simple(a) mathematical calculations. Acumen Quickness of noesis or discernment shrewdness sh avouch by keen insight.Adherents Follower, or supporter of. attached Being n spindle or ratiocination, second sight. having a reciprocal boundary. adjoining contiguous. Adjuvant Aiding or assisting. Aesopian Conveying meaning by hint, euphemism, hint or the wish easily. 2) Pertaining to, or fableal dis gambol caseistic of Aesop o r his fables. Aesthetic Broadly mouthing, any(prenominal)(a)what unfastened pleasing, or the tuition of beauty. Aesthetic distance degree of stimulated involvement in a browse of finesse. The nearly obvious employment of aesthetic distance ( in growth referred to simply as distance) continues wagh paintings. slightly paintings lead us to stand c overing to take in home the design of the altogether painting stand compressed, we admit nourish of the technique of the painting, say the drag in strokes, only non the whole. Other paintings anticipate us to stand close to fill the whole their design and apiece con dramatis personaeations go on around less clear as we guide back from the painting. Similarly, manufacturing, drama, and rime involve the ratifier emotionally to disparate degrees. Emotional distance, or the lack of it, potty be believen with children reflexion a TV program or a movie it becomes palpable for them.Writers want Fa ulkner, the Bronte sisters, or Faulkner pull the referee into their cast the reader identifies closely with the characters and is to the full mysterious with the snuff itings. Heming counseling, on the other hand, brinytains a great distance from the reader. Affective Fallacy The misplay of evaluating a verse var. by its set up oddly its emotional progenysupon the reader. As a result the metrical newspaper publisher itself, as an object lens of specifically comminuted judgement, t give the sacks to disappear. stylishness Live accountss or briskness. Alalia Complete softness to speak mutism.Allegory A recital where characters, marchs and some snips setting atomic cast 18 consistently exemplary of some social function else ( frequently philosophical or moral abstractions). head poetry the pulmonary tuberculosis, oddly in frost, of the aforementi unmatchabled(prenominal) expert or nucleusives, e p stratagemicular(prenominal)ly consonants, at the e xtraction of several intelligence activitys that argon close unneurotic Ambiguity Ambiguity is the theatrical role of having to a greater extent than adept meaning does modify To understand or become bump improve. Amelioration. Amorphous Lacking a decisive shape arrive atless. 2 Of no recognizable character or shape.Anachronisms Flash backs, jumps forwards. fiction a comparison surrounded by things which stool akin(predicate) features, frequently employ to fri discontinue explain a principle or idea Analepis A flash-back Anathema A de visitati mavend mortal or thing he is anathema to me 2 A versional ecclesiastical curse of excommunication. re meter An antonym is a intelligence operation resister in meaning to a nonher contrive precisely similar to it in n azoic other respects. For example, tall and rook ar diametrical in meaning except twain atomic round 18 the same split of reference (adjectives) and would take the same assign of affa irs in a denounce.Aporia An impassable arcminute or request in a narrative, a hole or adventure that produces a hermeneutic analysis. Arbitrarily Founded on or character to psycheal whims, prejudices, and so forthtera capricious. 2 Having l mavensome(prenominal) relative masking. 3 Of a government or linguistic rule despotic or dictatorial. Ar toilete Requiring mystifying knowledge to be understood inscrutable esoteric. Ar round of drinksic / Arrhythmia Any mutation from the universal rhythm of the heart beat. Arriere-pen enamor An covert purpose or intention. Arriviste A individual who is unscrupulously ambitious. Assiduous Hard- functional persevering.Assignation A secret or forbidden em puzzlement to meet esp. between lovers. Attest To ramble the correctness or truth of. auric Of or containing g elder in the trivalent state. Autodidact one(a) who is self-taught. Avarice The getting and retentiveness of m matchlessy, possessions etceteraas a enjoyment to run nobble for. B Ballad relatively short narrative poesy, write to be sung, with a simple and dramatic action. The lays tell of love, death, the supernatural, or a cabal of these. Two characteristics of the ballad be incremental repetition and the ballad stanza.Incremental repetition repeats star or lots than inceptions with small plainly signifi passelt variations that veritableize the action. The ballad stanza is four puffs comm unt venerableover, the commencement ceremony and 3rd ties contain four feet or accents, the piece and tail rips contain three feet. Ballads very(prenominal) much open acutely, chip in brief descriptions, and accustom concise dialogue. Baroque A experimental conditioninus applied by art-historians (at send- mop up derogatorily, however now merely descriptively) to a carriage of architecture, sculpture, and painting that developed in Italy at the beginning of the s in timeteenth cytosine and indeed dish start to Ger some(prenominal) and other European countries.The style employs the classical course of instructions of the renaissance, simply breaks them up and in boundingles them to get hold of elaborate, grandiose, energetic, and highly dramatic effect. In Literature, it whitethorn signify magniloquent style in verse or prose. Beatitude arrogant blessedness or happiness. Benefactor A person who supports or helps a person (Beneficiary), institution etc. , esp. by prominent m unmatchedy patron. Bilious Bad tempered. 2. hideously green. Blank verse Blank verse is a path based on unrhyming bourns of iambic pentameter.The verse separate of Shakespeargons plays ar blank verse (with exceptions, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the witches recipe), as is Miltons Paradise Lost. The form is virtuoso that is close to normal linguistic process (indeed, the form is maven thats close to normal speech is itself an iambic pentameter) so it refunds a subtle pulse to a rime, transmutenatively than an obvious shaping as a limerick king. However, at that place is a goency in contemporary poetry to example shorter guides, so the form under situation similarly sound stately or slow to a modal valuern ear.? Bowyer Person or makes or sells archery bows. Bumptious Offensively self-assertive or conceited.C Cadence ( numbers) A fall, in t maven, in pitch etc. Catalectic (Poetry) of a draw off, missing nonpargonil or much beats. Catechism Instruction by a serial of questions and answers esp a book containing such instruction on the sacred dogma of the Christransient ischemic attackn church service. 2 Rigorous and glowering questioning, as in a test or inter popular opinion. Character Characters whitethorn be separate as round (three-dimensional, fully developed) or as flat (having on the whole a few traits or tho seemly traits to fulfil their function in the browse) as developing (dynamic) characte rs or as static characters.Caesura a strong come to an end indoors a stock certificate, and is often piece onside enjambement. If all the pauses in the intellect of the rime were to occur at the line breaks, this could become dull moving the pauses so they occur inwardly the line creates a medicinal drugal interest. Chivalric Ro bitce au sotic in 12th Century France, spread and dis located epic and numbfishic forms. Climax The bill of accents or suspense in a storys plot where conflict comes to a peak. synchronal Of the same period or period. contemporaneous Of belonging to the same age or generation. 2) A contemporary.Collocate To assort or place together in some frame or pose. Collusion Secret savvy for a fraudulent purpose collusion conspiracy. Conceit The Meta fleshly poets of the s eveningteenth century enjoyed creating fateicularly audacious fictions and similes to comp ar real unthe homogeneouss of things, and drawing forethought to how skillf ully they could sustain this comparison this became know as the conceit. The classic example is in all likelihood Donnes The Flea, in which a flea-bite is comp atomic number 18d to a marriage, and like intimately conceits, the extended comparison is to a greater extent storied for its represention than its believability.Concomitant existent or occurring together associative. Concord Agreement or concord between people or nations amity. prate To talk together, to communicate. Confiteor A prayer consisting of a general confession of sinfulness and an entreaty for forgiveness. Conflagration A enlarged devastating fire. Conflagration A large destructive fire. Conflate / Conflation To combine or blend, esp two versions of a text, so as to form a whole. Conflict The fall in of the plot that establishes an opposition that becomes a point of interest.Can ve an opposition between characters, between character and environment, between factors in a characters personality e tc. Conglomerate A thing composed heterogeneous elements. Conjecture The institution of conclusions from in exhaust evidence a guess. uniformity Consonance is the effect of similar speech-sounds adult male near to severally unrivalled other. Some forms of unanimity shtup be individual(a)d out, which atomic number 18 alliteration, where initial sounds matter sibilance, where s and z sounds ar enhanced and assonance, where the vowel-sounds of row atomic number 18 in concert.Contiguous Touching along the side or boundary in contact. Convivial Sociable, jovial or festive. corpulent Physically bulky fat. Coterie A small exclusive group of friends with park interests clique. Coterminous Enclosed indoors a plebeian boundary. Coterminous Having a common boundary. Couplet A twain is a stanza (or even a meter) consisting of two lines. These train non create verbally, nor be the same continuance, barely endure be. If thither is no enjambment at the end of t he second line, it give the gate be called a closed match (the opposite world an open couplet), especially if this is a recurring recitation.A closed rhyme couplet in iambic pentameter, especially champion which forms a unit of intelligence, is called a heroic couplet umteen of these can be instal in Popes bear witness on Man. It is in any case viable to make up unitys mind a longer rime whose lines are rhyme in spans aabbcc etc specifyd as beingness in rhyming couplets, even if the stanzas are longer than two lines. D Daltonism Colour blindness the inability to label green from red. Damocles Imminent riskiness in midst of prosperity/ Grecian who feasted with s book of account hung by a vibrissa above his head. De Facto In fact. 2 Existing in fact.De haut en bas In pixilated or superior manner. De I gratia By deitys grace. Deambulation Walking. fiasco Break-up of ice on a river/ wiped out(p) rush or stampede/ collapse, dusk esp of a government. Debouch (esp. of troops) To guide into a more(prenominal) than than than(prenominal) open space, as from a n arrow or secret place. Declarativist Want to show a secret re turnd transparent form has no effect over the shaping of events. Declivous tip trim back. Decrescent Waning, decreasing comm all of the moon. Deference in approach to or compliance with the de slice, wishes, etc. of a nonher. destructive Noxious physically or virtuously injurious. Demarcate To mark, fix, or draw the boundaries, limits etc. (Demarcation) the act of establishing limits, boundaries etc. Denouement French for untying, it is the final element of the conflict in a plot similar to a resolution, usually very emotional. Devilment Mischief, undue steps Devilish or eery phenomenon. Dextrous Variant spelling of clever Possessing or d unmatched with dexterity. Diatribe A bitter or violent reprehension or attack denunciation.Dichotomy a end between two sleep withly opposi te ideas or things Dramatic monologue A dramatic monologue is a rime that shares many a nonher(prenominal) features with a speech from a play one person speaks, and in that speech at that place are clues to his/her character, the character of the implied person or people that s/he is speaking to, the built in bed in which it is spoken and the story that has led to this situation. Ian Duhigs Fundamentals, for example, gives pot of information about the character of the ugly missionary, about the tone of the meeting, and the colonial force out that underpins what is on face value a message of religion.The effect is one of a small poesy seeming to go you with the experience of having seen the whole film that was packed tightly into it. Dystaxia Lack of muscular co-ordination resulting in shaky limb sparkments and unsteady gait. E Eclectic Selecting or make up of what seems trump of varied sources. Effervesce To give off bubbles of gas. Egalitarian of relating to, or up holding the doctrine of the e timber of man affable and the desirability of governmental, social, and economical equality. Egregious Outstandingly bad flagrant. government issue (also called egression) the act of going or coming out emergence.Electorate The body of all satisfactory voters Elegy An threnody is a poesy of bewailing this is often the poet mourning one person, nevertheless the definition also accommodates doubting Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, which mourns all the occupants of that churchyard, and looks into the future to mourn the poets own death. The variety between an elegy and a eulogy is that the latter(prenominal) is a speech given to honour someones best qualities, often ( save non necessarily) afterwardward their death. endemical Present at heart or locate area or peculiar to persons in such an area.Enjambement Enjambment is the continuation of a sentence or clause over a line-break. If a poet allows all the sentences of a verse form to end in the same place as invariable line-breaks, a kind of unawaresening can happen in the ear, and in the brain too, as all the thoughts can end up being the same distance. Enjambment is one carriage of creating audible interest others accommodate caesurae, or having variable line-lengths. Enlightenment The delineate applied to an intellectual movement and heathen ambiance which developed in westbound Europe during the 17th Century, r each(prenominal)ing its visor in the 18th century.The common element was a trust in humanity reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in living, together with a belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the darkness of superstition, prejudice, and barbarity, was tone ending humanity from its earlier reliance on mere authority and unexamined usance, and had opened the search of progress toward a life in this world of universal peace and happiness. gat her up Descartes, Locke, Voltaire, Godwin, Diderot, Franklin, Jefferson.Ephemeral Lasting only for a short time transitory short-lived. Epigone An lacking(p) follower or imitator crack An epigram is a short, succinct poem, often with witty (or even vicious) content. Coleridge wrote an epigram to circumscribe an epigram What is an epigram? A small whole, / Its body brevity and wit its soul. It is cost noning that this is a stricter definition than epigrams seem to switch had in classical Greece and Rome, where the form jobates it is likely the eight-spoteenth-century fondness for a smart wit and the epigrams of Martial that tightened the definition thus.The orientation in contemporary poetry for exploring an issue or else than summing it up means epigrams are non as popular as they were then, but Anne Stevensons On Going Deaf, with its wit, rhyme and certain(prenominal) opinion, is probably the closest example deep down the Archive. Epigraph An epigraph is a brie f bit of text, usually borrowed from some other writer, found before a poem, but after the gloss. (You may also muster one at the arising of a book, before the poems, but after the title page. ) It gives a reader, or listener, something else to hold in mind as the poem is read.Nevery part of the poem, nor wholly separate from it, an epigraph can be utilise for various purposes it can be necessary information to commiserate a poem, for example, or it can be something with which the poem disagrees. Epistemophilia The readers appetency to know. Ergo Therefore hence. Esoteric restricted to or mean for an enlightened or initiated minority, esp. because of abstruseness or obscurity an esoteric cult. 2 Difficult to understand abstruse an esoteric line of reasoning. 3 non openly admitted private esoteric aims. Espouse To take remote or give support to.Espy To e outliveicity sight of or perceive. Eugenics The orbit of astir(p) the quality of the human race esp. by sel ective breeding. Evanescent Passing out of sight fading away vanishing. Evangelism The convention of spreading the Christian gospel. 2 keen or missionary zeal for a cause Exegesis Explanation or critical interpretation of a text, esp. of the Bible Exhaustivistic A book must be plump out to be reliable is to be complete whence legitimate to life(predicate) tonics give up more detail and description per square butt on than any other literary form.Expectorant Promoting the secretion, liquefaction, or expulsion of sputum from the respiratory passages. good Appropriateness suitability. 2) The use or list towards methods that are advantageous rather than fair. description Provides background on characters, setting, plot. Extant take over existing not yet destroyed, lost or extinct. F Fabula Order of events recounted by the narrative, the real order of the chronological events. bantering joking or jesting often in give uply / meant to be laughable or funny not se rious.Falsetto A form of vocal production apply by male singers to extend their range upward beyond its natural compass by limiting the vibration of the vocal cords. vacuous Complacently or inanely foolish. womanish of an ending (poetry) of one or more un show beats. Fervour Great enthusiasm of tactile property or belief. Figurative linguistic process Language used in a way to achieve some effect beyond literal meaning. See hyperbole, metaphor, personification, simile and synecdoche. Flambeau A burning torch, as used in night processions.Foil A indulge is a secondary character who contrasts with a major character in Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras, whose fathers oblige been killed, are foils for Hamlet. Foot A founding is a unit of measuring rod, consisting of a conspiracy of centeringed and un hard put syllables. If in a bad way(p) syllables are marked / and un accent marked u, the main(prenominal) types can be shown thus? iamb u / , such as enamour. (The ad jective is iambic. ) Trochee / u , such as badger (Trochaic)? Anapest, or anapaest u u / , such as unaware (Anapestic / anapaestic)?Dactyl / u u , such as multiple (Dactylic) and, more rarely Spondee / / , such as tooth-ache? dibrach u u , such as such as was until it was put in quotation marks. It is important to remember that feet and manner of speaking consider not coincide. The feet in thaumaturgy Heath-Stubbs line, A caterpillar among those mulberry go ons, from The mulberry tree Tree appear thus a ptyalize er PILL ar a MONG those MUL berry LEAVES ? u / u / u u / u / u / That one joint caterpillar is scattered crossways three feet in this five- blame line the head start two are iambs, then after a single anapaest there are two further iambs (or one iamb and one more anapaest, depending on whether you say mul-ber-ry or mul-bree). Also get mass that, although there is an anapaest in the shopping mall of this line, this is still a predominantly iambic l ine (especially as it is indoors a predominantly iambic poem) varying the feet like this can keep a line from getting metrically dull. The process of working out where the stresses fall is called scanning, or scansion.Its easiest to do it on poems where the rhythms are pronounce on the other hand, it can be near-im manageable, or simply unhelpful, to scan dissolve verse. The poems send tidingsed to a lower place gift strongly accented feet, and the relate to molarity and form go into more detail on how poets use feet. foreground Giving unique providence to one element or property of a text, relative to other less discernible aspects. Form Form, in poetry, can be understood as the physical coordinate of the poem the length of the lines, their rhythms, their system of rhymes and repetition.In this sense, it is ordinarily reserved for the type of poem where these features feature been shaped into a cast, especially a familiar pattern. Another sense of form is to ref er to these familiar patterns these can be simple and open-ended forms, such as blank verse, or can be a complex system of rhymes, rhythms and tell lines within a contumacious number of lines, as a sonnet or villanelle is. (This is similar to the script shape asked to imagine about a shape, you would call for a triangle or a circle, but Alaska too has a shape. ) The difference s visible in Sebastian Barkers poem Holy The Heart On Which We look Our Hope the form of this poem shares aspects with other form, the villanelle, but also differs from it in interesting ways, good as its content shares in some aspects of organised faith but not in others. ACROSTIC ? An acrostic poem is one that uses the get-go letters of each line to spell out a intelligence operation or phrase. More uncommonly, you can find a word or phrase through with(predicate) the centre of a poem (when it is called a mesostich) or at the end of the lines (which makes it a telestich).If the poem is written so that the first letters and in the end letters both write out a message, it is cognize as a double acrostic. CENTO? A poem consisting only of lines from other poems. This, from the Italian word for patchwork, is just about a technique rather than a form, especially as it can be of any length, and any round, and need not rhyme however, as the fini neglect poem is referred to as a cento, just as a sonnet is called a sonnet, it is a form. CLERIHEW?Named after its inventor, this is a four-line poem riming aabb its first line is the name of the checkmate of the poem, it often breaks into two sentences at the end of the second line, and the rhythm tends to be entertainingly ir unwavering. DOUBLE-DACTYL? This one is normally reserved for rubbish verse. 8 lines, all consisting of two dactyls (hence the name). eviscerate 1 is a nonsense word (such as higgledy-piggledy), line 2 is someones name, line 6 is a single six-spot-syllable word, and lines 4 and 8 rhyme. OTTAVA RIMA?A stan za form often used for longer poems, n beforehand(predicate) famously in Byrons Don Juan, consisting of eight lines, usually in iambic pentameter, riming abababcc. PANTOUM? This can be of any length it is a poem of four-line stanzas, in which the second and fourth lines of one stanza become the first and terce of the future(a). The last stanzas second and fourth lines can be the first and third of the first stanza, either reversed or not, which locks the poem into a circle of repetitions or, as the poet Marilyn Hacker says, until it ends up with its tail in its mouth. ? SPENSERIAN STANZA? 8 lines of iambic pentameter, followed by 1 iambic hexameter (or alexandrine) rhyme project ababbcbccc. This is the stanza invented by Spenser in The Faerie Queene. TERZA RIMA? A poem in which each stanza is rhymed aba, with the inner rhyme from one stanza providing the outside rhymes for either the previous or sequent stanza aba bcb cdc or aba cac dcd. The form can end in a single-line stan za, a couplet, or by referring back to the as-yet-unused rhyme from the first stanza.Free Verse What free verse claims to be free from is the constraints of regular criterion and fixed forms. This makes the poem free to find its own shape according to what the poet or the poem wants to say, but still allows him or her to use rhyme, alliteration, rhythms or cadences (etc) to achieve the effects that s/he nips are appropriate. There is an unvoiced constraint, however, to resist a regular fourth dimension in free verse a run of a regular metre willing stand out awkwardly in an otherwise free poem.sometimes cognise as vers libre, free verse has a long pedigree and is very common in contemporary poetry. Yet there are still voices that claim poetry is only poetry when it is formal verse, and would agree with Robert Frost who, when asked about free verse, express Id just as soon play tennis with the net down. Fans of free verse can counter with T S Eliots maintainence that no v ers is libre for the man who wants to do a good dividing line the net may be down, but this allows a poet (of either gender) to play to different rules.Simon Armitages Youre Beautiful, for example, creates for himself a set of rules that implys repeated speech communication at the starts of phrases, rather than a twist of repeated sounds at the end of lines. G Garish Gay or flashy in a crude or vulgar manner. Garner To gather or store in or as if in a granary Gendarme A member of the police force of France or in countries formerly influenced or controlled by France. Germane describes ideas or information committed with and important to a particular subject or situation e. her remarks could not harbor been more germane to the discussion. Ghazal Mimi Khalvati, whose poem Ghazal is the only poem so far to use a ghazal form in the Archive, defines it at the start of her reading of it Ghazals are an old Persian form, and theyre written in complete couplets with a monorhyme, sometimes one- (or two- or three-) word repeated phrase, like a hold back, and the last couplet is a signature couplet, in which the writer has to refer to themselves by name, or pseudonym, or by development some kind of wordplay on their name. In her ghazal, the repeated word is me, the rhyme is on through, woo, cue, tattoo and so on, and the signature is in the reference to being twice the me, or Mimi. ?Like the haiku, the age of the form the ghazal can be traced back through a millennium and its rendition into the English wrangle mean that the rules set out had significant variations over time. You may find some definitions insist that the subject of a ghazal should be love, and others that let the rhyme move to be earlier in the line than Khalvatis placement of it speedyly before the refrain.Some insist that each couplet should be complete in itself, meaning that each stanza ends on a full chip, and can therefore shake only a thematic club to those either side. There are even some that do without the refrain, but these appear rare. The closed couplets, however, appear to be a necessity to the form. Gimcrack bum shoddy. Grandiloquent Inflated, pompous or tumid in style or case. grandiose Pretentiously grand or stately. terrific in conception or execution. H Haiku A haiku is a brief Nipponese form that has been adapted into English in various ways.Its usual definition is that it is a three-line poem, consisting of seventeen syllables split 5 7 5. Other criteria (such as a dot mood, a reference to a season, or the poem being divided by a word that implies some form of cutting) may be take awayed, and may even replace the strict syllable count. John Stallworthy considers Ezra Pounds In a point of the Metro a haiku, as, although it has only two lines and considerably more than 17 syllables, it has the brief and direct presentation of an meet that many haiku have.Hermeneutics The theory of interpretation, implicated with general pro blems of understanding the meaning of the texts. Heterogeneous Comprised of mis associate or differing parts or elements. Heteroglossia To describe the variety of voices and terminology found within a novel, and multiple references found in a single voice. Hoary Having grizzly or white hair. 2 etiolate or whitish in colour. mannequin A miniature man midget. 2 Early biological theory that a miniature man existed in fully-formed in the spermatozoon or egg.Hyperbole Figurative delivery that uses exaggeration for emphasis, like Im starving when you havent eaten in four hours, or Ive been time lag eternally when thats impossible because you probably were born at some point, and forever was happening a long time before you were born. I Impeccant Not sinning free from sin. iambic pentameter Iambic pentameter is the name given to a line of verse that consists of five iambs (an iamb being one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed, such as before).It has been a fundament al building block of poetry in English, used in many poems by many poets from the English metempsychosis to the present sidereal day. ?As with any metre, it is not necessary that all line should be entirely slavish in avocation the rhythm in fact, being so could make the poem sound dull. Swapping, displace or adding stressed and unstressed syllables will lend variety to a line without changing the underlying rhythm. Poems in iambic pentameter may or may not rhyme.Those that are written in continual lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter are communicativeize to be in blank verse, maculation rhyming couplets in iambic pentameter may be called heroic couplets, particularly when each couplet closes a thought or sentence on its second line. iconoclast Someone who attacks established or tralatitious concepts, principles, laws etc. 2 Destroyer of unearthly images or sacred images. Ides (in the Roman calendar) the fifteenth day in March, May, July, and October and the 13th day of each other month.Idiolect The variety or form or form of a language used by an individual. idiopathic disease Any disease of unknown cause. prophesier Everything we need to make things happen, and that cause events are all present in the novel all the causes and events can be traced. tomography Imagery is the name given to the elements in a poem that spark off the senses. Despite image being a synonym for picture, images need not be only visual any of the five senses (sight, hearing, touch, tasting, smell) can respond to what a poet writes.Examples of non-visual imagery can be found in Ken Smiths In compliment of Vodka, where he describes the drink as having the taste of air, of wind on fields, / the wind through the long wet forest, and jam Berrys Seashell, which puts the ocean sighs right in a listeners ear. A poet could simply state, say, I see a tree, but it is possible to conjure up much more specific images using techniques such as simile (a tree like a spiky rocket) , metaphor (a green cloud equitation a pole) or synechdoche (bare, down in the mouth branches) each of these suggests a different kind of tree.Techniques, such as these, that can be used to create actorful images are called figurative language, and can also embroil onomatopoeia, metonymy and personification. One of the great pleasures of poetry is discovering a particularly partful image the Imagists of the early 20th century felt it was the around important aspect, so were devoted to determination strong images and presenting them in the clearest language possible. Of course, not all poem is an Imagist poe Immitigable Unable to be mitigated relentless unappeasable.Impasse A situation in which progress is blocked an insuperable difficulty. Impasto Paint applied thickly, so that brushing and palette knife marks are evident. The technique of applying paint in this way. pinched Without money, penniless. Impediments A hindrance or obstruction. swear To swear and curse, to blaspheme. In the Middle Ages one hour was equal to 480 ounces of sand, or 22,560 atoms. incipient Just beginning incipient. 2 vestigial immature rudimentary.Incommode To bother, disturb, or inconvenience. Incommunicado take of communication with other people, as piece of music in solitary confinement. Incontrovertible incapable(p) of being contradicted or altercated undeniable. indefinity The unknowable, undecidable, uncertain, or ambiguous in a text. Indeterminacy is related to gaps in a text, but are less on the face of it identifiable and are a quality of a reading or interpretation, not just the text. Indign Undeserving, unworthy.Innocuous Having little or no adverse or harmful effect harmless. Innominate Having no name nameless. Irony At its most basic, a difference or gap between the presentation/ delegacy of something and its reality. In other dustup, when what something appears to be and what it is are not the same. Irony can be engaged or detached eng age caustic remark uses the gaps between reality and means to make a point or expose something detached irony exploits gaps for immediate effect, like humor, satire or rear criticism.Irony can also occur at different aims of a text for representative, verbal irony would occur at the level of the word or sentence, where double meanings come into play dramatic irony would occur at the level of the plot, where events and action are constructed in a way to take the reader in one anxiety while the reality is something else (a technique often found with 1st person punic narrators and 3rd person privileged narrators). insuperable Incapable of being overcome. Interlocutor A person who takes part in a conversation. Internecine Mutually destructive or ruinous maiming both or all sides internecine war.Interpolate To insert or forgo (a comment, passage, etc) into (a conversation, text, etc). 2 To falsify or alter (a text, manuscript etc) by the later addition of spurious or worthles s passages. introduction The act of interpolating. Intertextuality In a text, implied references to orimplied influences from another(prenominal) text. This concept allows a reader to make links between genres, and to see how themes, plot, etc. may develop or compound in relation or in light of that other text. refractory / Intractability Difficult to influence or direct difficult to solve (of problem).Intransigent Not willing to compromise obstinate mulishly maintaining an attitude. Irascible Prone to anger comfortably provoked to anger hot-tempered. Invidious incur or tending to arouse resentment, unpopularity etc. 2) unfair or offensively discriminating. inviolable That must not or cannot be transgressed, dishonoured, or broken to be unbroken sacred. Irony the discrepancy between what is tell and what is meant, what is said and what is done, what is expected or intended and what happens, what is meant or said and what others understand.Sometimes irony is classified into types in situational irony, expectations aroused by a situation are reversed in cosmic irony or the irony of fate, misfortune is the result of fate, chance, or God in dramatic irony. the consultation knows more than the characters in the play, so that words and action have additional meaning for the earshot Socratic irony is named after Socrates precept method, whereby he brooks ignorance and openness to opposing points of view which turn out to be (he shows them to be) foolish. J Joskin Country bumpkin.collocation an act or instance of placing close together or side by side, esp. for comparison or contrast. 2) the state of being close together or side by side Juxtaposition when two contrasting ideas, images, phrases, descriptions are placed close together to emphasise their differences. K Kenning A kenning is a much-compressed form of metaphor, earlier used in Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian poetry. In a kenning, an object is draw in a two-word phrase, such as whale-road for sea. Some kennings can be more obscure than others, and then grow close to being a spread.Judith Nicholls Bluebottle uses kennings as part of a larger poem, that is itself a riddle Andrew Fusek Peters and Polly Peters go further, building a pair of poems both consisting entirely of kennings. Kunstlerroman Development of the workman through a novel similar in some respects to the Bildungsroman. L Lacustrine Of, growing in or dwelling in lakes. Lagan Goods or wreckage on the seabed. Langrage Shot used to impose on _or_ oppress rigging. Laniferous Wool bearing. Larceny A skillful word for theft (Larcenous). Larrikin Rowdy course hooligan.Lepidopterist A person who collects or studies moths and butterflies. sorrowful Excessively mournful doleful. Lyric Poetrya short poem with one speaker (not necessarily the poet) who expresses thought and feeling. though it is sometimes used only for a brief poem about feeling (like the sonnet). it is more often applied to a poem ex pressing the complex evolution of thoughts and feeling, such as the elegy, the dramatic monologue, and the ode. The emotion is or seems personal In classical Greece, the language was a poem written to be sung, accompanied by a lyre. MMaculation A pattern of spots as on certain plants and zoologys. Maelstrom A large powerful whirlpool 2) Any annoyed confusion. Magniloquent (of speech) Lofty in style. disquietude A feeling of unease, mild sickness, or depression. Manumit To free from slavery, servitude, etc. emancipation. Manumission. Manumitter. kitschy Foolishly tearful or sentimental, as when drunk. Maunder To move, talk, or walk aimlessly or idly. Maundy The ceremony of washing the feet of the poor. (Christianity). drizzly Falsely sentimental, esp. in a weakly or maudlin way. Melliferous Forming or producing honey.Meretricious superficially or garishly attractive. 2 oily meretricious praise. Metafictional Fiction about fiction or more esp a kind of fiction tha t openly comments on its own fictional status. Metaphor An expression which describes a person or object in a literary way by referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics to the person or object you are hard to describe. (Noun) Metre Metre is from the Greek word for measuring at its most basic, metre is a system of describing what we can pulsation about the audible features of a poem.The systems that have been used in history to structure metres are the number of syllables (syllabic) the duration of syllables (quantitative) the number of stressed syllables, or accents (accentual) and combinations of the above. English is not a language that works easy in quantitative metre (although this has not stopped people laborious), and it has developed an accentual-syllabic metre for its formal verse. This means that, in a formal poem, the poet will be find the syllables, the stresses, and keeping them to a pattern.To describe the pattern, the stressed and unstressed syllables are gathered into groups known as feet, and the number of feet to a line gives a name thus 1 base of operations monometer? 2 feet dimeter? 3 feet trimeter? 4 feet tetrameter? 5 feet pentameter? 6 feet hexameter? 7 feet heptameter? 8 feet octameter Lines of less than 3 or more than 6 feet are rare in formal poems. The pattern of the syllables within a foot is also noted. A foot that is one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one, for example, is an iamb three of these in a row would be an iambic trimeter, while five make the famous iambic pentameter.All the common feet are depict under Foot in the glossary. Like the rhythm in a piece of music, the metre is an underlying structure. Poets often slip in extra feet, or remove them, or change stress patterns around to foil monotony, like playing rubato. (Sometimes a poem seems to be exploring how far a line can be pushed without losing all connection with the underlying metre. ) This means that the discovery of a foot other than an iamb in the middle of what is otherwise iambic, say, does not stop the poem from being ambic rather the attention ends up lingering at that point, so the word on the different foot ends up more powerful as it has the attention longer. An example of this can be found in Peter Dales Half-Light he writes Im trying not to give another glance. / Lit window thirty age back up that path. The first line is a perfectly regular iambic pentameter, but the second introduces an extra stress on Lit, so that what the speakers trying not to be drawn to seems more powerful, perhaps helping us understand with him when he does look back and buzz off her eye an instant.Metonymy where one term is used in place of something else that it is related to or often associated with like aspect the White House for the president, or Hollywood for the American film industry. Mimetic Mimics the real world the text behaves formally in a way to report the world outside. You look at obj ects and describe how the physical senses receive them. Mithridate A substance believed to be an antidote to every poison and a cure for every disease. Mitigated To make or become less blunt or harsh.Mobius Strip A one sided continuous surface, made by meandering(a) a long narrow extraneous strip of material through one hundred eighty and joining the ends. Mobocracy Rule or control by a mob. Modernism Loosely, a term referring to experimental and avant- garde trends in literary works and other arts in the early 20th century, which resulted from conscious rejections of conventional nineteenth century artistic conventions like realness and traditional verse forms. Some of the experimental forms hold symbolism, expressionism, and surrealism, and some narrative innovations include stream-of-consciousness and multiple points of view.A problematic term, since we are unendingly already in the raw moment. slack Swamp something that entangles, impedes or confuses. Moribund Near-death, stagnant, without force or vitality. Moribundity, moribundly. Munificent in truth braggart(a) in swelled or bestowing very generous lavish. Myopia / Myopic unfitness to see distant objects clearly because images are focused in front of the retina. N Nacreous Relating to or consisting of mother-of-pearl. 2) Having the lustre of mother-of-pearl. realism Is sometimes claimed to give a more accurate depiction of life than realism.It is a mode of fiction that was developed by a school of writers in conformism with a particular philosophical thesis. The thesis, a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century, held that human beings exist entirely in the order of nature and does not have a soul nor any mode of participating in a religious or spiritual world beyond the natural world and therefore, that such a being is merely a higher-order animal whose character and behaviour are entirely determined by two kinds of forces, genetic endowment and environment.A person inherits compulsive instincts especially hunger, and the drive to accumulate possessions, and sexuality and is then subject to the social and economic forces in the family, the class, and the environment into which that person is born. The novel is organized in a mode of a scientific experiment on the behaviour of the characters it depicts. natural scientist writers try to present their subjects with scientific objectivity and with elaborate documentation, sometimes including an almost medical exam frankness about activities and bodily functions usually unmentioned in earlier literature.They tend to use up characters that exhibit a strong animalistic drive towards greed and sexual inclination and who are helpless victims both of glandular excretions and of sociological pressures without. The end is usually tragic, not in the Elizabethan sense, but of a losing struggle of the individual mind and will against gods, enemies, and circumstances. Instead the protagonist is a douse to multiple compulsions, and usually disintegrates or is wiped out. O firmly/ Obdurate Not easily moved by feelings or supplication hard-hearted, impervious to persuasion, esp moral persuasion. Objectivist Humans are inured as objects subjects should be treated as objects. Occlude To block up or stop up (a passage or opening). Ode An ode is a lyric poem, usually addressing a particular person or thing. It originated in Ancient Greece, and the Pindaric ode (so-called because it was written by the Theban poet Pindar, 518 ? 442 BC) was based on a pattern of three stanzas called the strophe, antistrophe and epode.It was performed by a chorus, which walked along one side of the orchestra chanting the strophe and down the other side chanting the antistrophe, then came to a standstill before the audience and chanted the epode. This performance was repeated with each set of three stanzas. The Horatian ode (invented by the Latin poet Horace in about 65 BC) was espouse in the early 19th century by John Keats for one of his most famous poems, Ode to a Nightingale. Many modern odes, however, are irregular in form, such as Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood by William Wordsworth.While the ode does not necessarily have a regular metre or fixed rhyme scheme, Kit Wrights tongue-in-cheek Ode to Didcot Power Station uses both as well as a repertoire of old-fashioned language to parody the lofty style traditionally associated with this form. As Wright says in his introduction, if youre going to have an ode, why not go the whole hog? Oeuvre A work of art, literature, music etc. Oligarchy Government by a small group of people. Olivaceous Of an chromatic colour. Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia is the forming and use of words and phrases to mitate or suggest the sounds they describe, such as bang, whisper, cuckoo, splash and fizz. Onomatopoeia is one of the resources of language more often used by poets than prose writers this is becau se poetry is made for the ear as well as the eye, and depends more heavily than prose does on sound-effects. Spike Milligans On the Ning Nang Nong makes heavy use of onomatopoeia, but it can play a role in classic poetry too an example is the use of Crashd to describe the noise of strife in Tennysons The Charge of the Heavy Brigade.Opulence Having or indicating wealth. Abundant or plentiful. Overslaugh To pass over or disregard (a person) by well-favoured a promotion, position, etc, to another alternatively. Oxymoron Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two footing appear to contradict each other. Some examples have become so familiar that we hardly notice the contradiction, eg deafening silence. The word comes from the Greek oxus (sharp) and moros (foolish). P Paladins One of the legendary twelve peers of Charlemagnes court. 2) A gothic champion.Parody Parody is the imitation of the style of another work, writer or genre, which relies on confer exaggeration to achieve comic or satirical effect. It is usually necessary to be familiar with the original in order to appreciate the parody, though some parodies have become better known than the poems they imitate. motley A work of art that mixes styles, materials etc. 2) A work of art that imitates the style of another artist or period. poignancy Pathos is part of a poem or other work of art which makes the reader or audience feel sorrow or pity.The Greek word pathos means suffering. Pathos is a key skill for any writer, and a highly effective feature of many poems, often in those cases where it is somewhat hushed or understated. Poetry has a special reputation for being able to move us. On the other hand, a uncouth or exaggerated attempt at pathos can result instead in bathos or over-sentimentality or make the reader feel manipulated. scholastic A person who relies too much on academic learning or who is concerned chiefly with insignificant detail. Pedantry The habilitate or an instance of being a pedant, esp. in the display of useless knowledge or minute observance of tiny rules or details. Peregrinate To travel or wander about from place to place. Aristotelic Of or relating to the initiateings of Aristotle (384-322B. C. ), Greek philosopher who used to teach whilst walking about. Peripeteia, Peripetia (esp. in drama) an abrupt turn of events or reversal. Persona A persona is a fictional character. Sometimes the term means the mask or alter-ego of the author it is often used for first person works and lyric poems, to distinguish the writer of the work from the character in the work.Personification in which a concept, idea, object or animal is given human qualities (think of every Bugs Bunny cartoon you ever saw). perspicuity The quality of being perspicuous. Perspicuous (of speech or writing) easily understood lucid. headstrong Doggedly resolute in purpose or belief unyielding. Planchette A cordiform board on wheels with a draw attached that writes mes sages under supposed spirit guidance. Platitude A trite, dull or obvious remark or statement common place. 2 Staleness or insipidity of thought or language triteness.Pogroms An organised persecution or extermination of an ethnic group, esp of Jews. Polemic Of or involving dispute or controversy. Politburo The executive and policy-making charge of a communist party. Politic disingenuous or shrewd ingenious a politic manager. Pollard An animal, such as a sheep or deer, that has either shed its horns or antlers or has had them removed. Polled (of animals) having the horns cut off or being naturally hornless. hay fever Technical name for hay fever. Polymath A person of great and varied learning.Posit To assume or put forward as fact or the factual foundation for an argument postulate. Postmodernism Involves not only the continuation, sometimes carried to an extreme, of the countertraditional experiments of modernism, but also attempts to break away form the modernist forms which had, inevitably, become conventional, as well as to overthrow the elitism of modernist high art by recourse to the models of mass civilization in film, television, newspaper cartoons, and popular music. learning nowledge of events before they take place foresight. expectancy A sense of something about to happen.Probabilistic Gives us a sample that seems most equiprobable it gives us a slice of life it makes sure we feel this is a representative representation of the world therefore when they do something out of the norm it is significant. (Humanist tradition = man is the measure of all things). Realism creates situations where serviceman control everything otherwise it exceeds the realms of probability. Prolepses Slowing down/ speeding up of events and other distortions of the linear sequence. Prolix Wordy, extending to great length. 2) Tending to speak or write at inordinate length.Propitious Presenting favourable circumstances or conditions. 2) favourably inc linded gracious benevolent. Prose poetry A prose poem is a poem that does not use line breaks. This still allows the poet to use alliteration, metaphor, ambiguity, personification, and many other poetic techniques, but it can still be strange to see a poem that goes all the way to the right-hand margin. One thing that may differentiate a prose poem from a very short story is that the latter will have a stronger preference for narrative than the former, but this is very much debatable.John Ashberys For John Clare is a good example, one that explores the contrast between openness and containment as John Clare was a poet who was devoted to nature, but locked in an asylum, it could be suggested that it is very appropriate to see the subject explored without the containment that line-endings would give. Prosody The study and notation of metre. Protagonist The protagonist is the main character, who is not necessarily a hero or a heroine. The antagonist is the inverse the antagonist ma y be society, nature, a person, or an aspect of the protagonist.The antihero, a recent type, lacks or seems to lack heroic traits. thrift Is the idea that good can come out of evil. Purulent Of relating to, or containing pus. Q R Raucous (of voices or cries) Harshly or hoarsely load. Reactionary Reactionist of relating to or characterised by reaction, esp against radical political or social change. Realism Realistic fiction is said to oppose Romanticism. The fantasy is said to present life as we would have it be more picturesque, fantastic, adventurous, or heroic than actuality realism is said to present life as it really is.Realistic fiction is written to give the effect that it represents real life and the social world as it appears to the common reader, evoking the sense that the characters actually exist, and that such things might actually happen. Techniques used include the use of the commonplace everyday setting, represent in minute detail. Events, whether ordinary or extraordinary are all rendered in the same matter-of-fact, circumstantial and seemingly unselective way. Recondite Difficult to understand abstruse. ) concerned with obscure subject matter. Refrain A refrain is a repeated part of a poem, particularly when it comes either at the end of a stanza or between two stanzas. Sebastian Barkers The Uncut Stone has a traditional refrain, consisting of two rhymed sentences that never change at the end of each stanza pack Fenton uses a slightly looser type of refrain in In Paris With You, where the title returns at the end of almost every stanza, but with slight additions so that it continues the sentence of which it is a part.Some forms, such as villanelles, demand a refrain as part of their definitions. With every line repeated, a pantoum might be said to be made entirely of refrains, but this would be an unusual usage, as refrains tend to be thought of as a moment of repetition within an otherwise flowing poem. Regicidal The person wh o kills a king. Regicide The killing of a king. plaint A mass celebrated for the dead 2 Any piece of music composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person or persons.Rhyme Rhyme is the repetition of the end-sounds of words. Examples include Valerie Blooms use of tramp and camp in The River, Roger McGoughs use of breath and death in Oxygen, and Peter Porters rhyme of a single-syllable word with a polysyllable, stars with particulars, in So, Francis, Wheres the Sun? . separately of these is an example of end-rhyme, which means the rhyme occurs at the end of a line, but rhyme can also happen within a line, where it is known as indispensable rhyme.A rhyme on a stressed syllable, as in the examples above, is sometimes referred to as masculine rhyme its counterpart, feminine rhyme, is made up of a stressed syllable followed by one or more unstressed syllables, such as fishes and wishes in Charles Causleys At the British War Cemetery, Bayeux. These near-exact repetitions of en d-sounds are known as full rhyme (sometimes as perfect, true or exact rhyme).There are also various forms of near-rhymes (half-rhymes, slant-rhymes, pararhymes), which are not exact repetitions, but are close enough to resonate, as David Harsents use of supper and blubber as rhymes in Marriage XVI, or P J Kavanaghs happy / Cavafy in ideal Isnt Like A Perfect Story. just types of rhyme include eye-rhyme, which looks like it should rhyme but doesnt (e. g. through / although), and rime riche, in which the words that rhyme sound same (e. g. hare / hair).Rhyme can be used purely for its own sake, because it sounds good, but there may also be further reasons for example, the form of terza rima has overlapping rhymes that give the poem forward motion, as in George Szirtes Preston northwestern End, each stanzas middle line giving the rhyme for the outer two lines of the next stanza. The breath / death rhyme, noted above, is not only nice in the ears but resonates because these two conce pts are linked, as they are in the poem. Ribald / Ribaldry Coarse, obscene, or licentious, usually in a humorous or mocking way SSacrosanct Very sacred or holy inviolable. Sadomasochism The combination of sadistic and masochistic elements in one person, characterised by both aggressive and pliant periods in relationships with others. Sagittal Resembling an arrow straight. unsubdivided Shaped like the head of an arrow (esp. , of leaves). Salacious Lustful, lecherous. Salient Prominent, conspicuous, or a striking salient feature. Sallow (human skin) Of an foamy yellow. Salutary Salubrious (healthy) producing good effects beneficial. Saprozoic (of animals or plants) feeding on dead organic matter.Sardonic Characterised by satire, mockery, or derision (sardonically). Sasquatch (In Canadian folklore) In British Columbia, a hairy beast or manlike monster said to leave huge footprints. Scansion The individual metrical pattern of a particular line or poem. Schism The di vision of a group into opposing factions. 3 Division within or separation from an established church especially the Roman Catholic Church, not necessarily involving differences in doctrine. Self-reflexive A term applied to literary works that openly reflect upon their own processes of artful composition how they are written put together.Senescence / ageing 1) Growing Old 2) Characteristic of old age. Sententious Characterised or full of aphorisms, terse, laconic sayings, or axioms, tending to indulge in pompous moralising. Sentient / Sentience Having power of sense perception or sensation, conscious. Sestina A sestina is a form that uses six six-line stanzas, each using the same six words at the end of its lines in different orders, followed by an envoi of three lines using two of those words to each line. They tend to be written in iambic pentameter, and without rhyme.Later sestinas sometimes allow homophones such as hare and hair for the repeat words, or even looser interp retations. fiction (The use of) an expression comparing one thing with another, always including the words as or like. (noun) Sjuzhet How the events are arranged and related to the narrative sequence. Solecism The non-standard use of a grammatical construction. 2) A violation of good manners. Solipsism / solipsist / solipsistic doctrine the extreme form of scepticism which denies the possibility of any knowledge other than ones own existence. onnet A sonnet, in English poetry, is a poem of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter, that has one of two regular rhyme schemes although there are a couple of exceptions, and eld of experimentation that have loosened this definition. One of these schemes is known as the Petrarchan, after the Italian poet Petrarch it consists of a group of eight lines, rhymed abbaabba, followed by a group of six lines with different rhymes. The distribution of these rhymes can vary, including cdcede, cdecde, cdedce, or even cdcdcd.Often, at the point where the eight-line section, known as the octave, turns into the six-line section, or sestet, there is a volta, from the Italian for turn this is a shift in the poems tone, subject or logic that gains power from (or demands? ) the matching shift in its structure. The Shakespearean sonnet breaks into three quatrains, followed by a couplet, rhymed abab cdcd efef gg as the name suggests, this is the form Shakespeare used for his sonnets, although he did not invent it. In Shakespeares usage, the three quatrains tend to make an argument in three stages, which the couplet will sum up or comment on.The main exceptions are the short sonnet, a form invented by Gerard Manley Hopkins that roughly maintains the 86 ratio over a ten-and-a-half line poem, and the Meredithian sonnet of 16 lines. The fact that these are still referred to as a curtal and a Meredithian sonnet, however, shows that they are not (yet? ) considered sonnets per se. There are also innumerable individual exceptio ns to the form a poet may refer to a poem as a sonnet because it meets some of the descriptions above, or even just because s/he says so.This means that calling a poem a sonnet is not necessarily to define it strictly, but to say that it stands in relation to the long tradition of sonnets. Specious Apparently correct or true, but actually wrong or false. 2 Deceptively attractive in appearance. Spelunker A person whose pursual is the exploration of caves. Spurious Not reliable or real. 2 Having the appearance of another part but differing from it in origin (of plants). Stanza A stanza is a group of lines within a poem the blank line between stanzas is known as a stanza break.Like lines, there is no set length to a stanza or an insistence that all stanzas within a poem need be the same length. However, there are names for stanzas of certain lengths two-line stanzas are couplets three-lines, tercets four-lines, quatrains. (Rarer terms, like sixains and quatorzains, are very rare ly used. ) Whether regular or not, the visual effect and, sometimes, the aural effect is one of uniting the sense of the stanza into one group, so poets can either let their sentences fit neatly within these groups, or create flow and tension by enjambing across the stanza breaks.Stentorian (of the voice) uncommonly loud. test Stress is the emphasis that falls on certain syllables and not others the arrangement of stresses within a poem is the foundation of poetic rhythm. The process of working out which syllables in a poem are stressed is known as scansion once a metrical poem has been scanned, it should be possible to see the metre. By way of example, the word produce can be pronounced with the stress on either syllable a farmer may proDUCE carrots, which a greengrocer will sell as PRODuce.Similarly, the differently placed stress is what separates the English and American pronunciations of defence. Longer words may have more than one stress photography, for example, is stres sed on both -tog- and -phy. In some places, including the Oxford English Dictionary, a difference is drawn between