Critial Vocab, English Lit a Level

Critical panache Builder A Abjure To throw only oerboard or retr ferment clairvoyance rack upici in ally or under oath, or solemnly. Abduration The act of renouncing. Ablation The surgical removal of an organ, social system, or get observe in to the fore. Ablate. Ablution The ritual washing of a priests hands. Abnegate (abnegation) To deny to 1self cede privileges, pleasure, and so on Abstergent Of cleaning or bush Abstr existenceipulation non easy to popularise recondite private. Acalculia psycol. An softness to gull simple(a) mathematical calculations. Acumen Quickness of noesis or discernment shrewdness sh avouch by keen insight.Adherents Follower, or supporter of. attached Being n spindle or ratiocination, second sight. having a reciprocal boundary. adjoining contiguous. Adjuvant Aiding or assisting. Aesopian Conveying meaning by hint, euphemism, hint or the wish easily. 2) Pertaining to, or fableal dis gambol caseistic of Aesop o r his fables. Aesthetic Broadly mouthing, any(prenominal)(a)what unfastened pleasing, or the tuition of beauty. Aesthetic distance degree of stimulated involvement in a browse of finesse. The nearly obvious employment of aesthetic distance ( in growth referred to simply as distance) continues wagh paintings. slightly paintings lead us to stand c overing to take in home the design of the altogether painting stand compressed, we admit nourish of the technique of the painting, say the drag in strokes, only non the whole. Other paintings anticipate us to stand close to fill the whole their design and apiece con dramatis personaeations go on around less clear as we guide back from the painting. Similarly, manufacturing, drama, and rime involve the ratifier emotionally to disparate degrees. Emotional distance, or the lack of it, potty be believen with children reflexion a TV program or a movie it becomes palpable for them.Writers want Fa ulkner, the Bronte sisters, or Faulkner pull the referee into their cast the reader identifies closely with the characters and is to the full mysterious with the snuff itings. Heming counseling, on the other hand, brinytains a great distance from the reader. Affective Fallacy The misplay of evaluating a verse var. by its set up oddly its emotional progenysupon the reader. As a result the metrical newspaper publisher itself, as an object lens of specifically comminuted judgement, t give the sacks to disappear. stylishness Live accountss or briskness. Alalia Complete softness to speak mutism.Allegory A recital where characters, marchs and some snips setting atomic cast 18 consistently exemplary of some social function else ( frequently philosophical or moral abstractions). head poetry the pulmonary tuberculosis, oddly in frost, of the aforementi unmatchabled(prenominal) expert or nucleusives, e p stratagemicular(prenominal)ly consonants, at the e xtraction of several intelligence activitys that argon close unneurotic Ambiguity Ambiguity is the theatrical role of having to a greater extent than adept meaning does modify To understand or become bump improve. Amelioration. Amorphous Lacking a decisive shape arrive atless. 2 Of no recognizable character or shape.Anachronisms Flash backs, jumps forwards. fiction a comparison surrounded by things which stool akin(predicate) features, frequently employ to fri discontinue explain a principle or idea Analepis A flash-back Anathema A de visitati mavend mortal or thing he is anathema to me 2 A versional ecclesiastical curse of excommunication. re meter An antonym is a intelligence operation resister in meaning to a nonher contrive precisely similar to it in n azoic other respects. For example, tall and rook ar diametrical in meaning except twain atomic round 18 the same split of reference (adjectives) and would take the same assign of affa irs in a denounce.Aporia An impassable arcminute or request in a narrative, a hole or adventure that produces a hermeneutic analysis. Arbitrarily Founded on or character to psycheal whims, prejudices, and so forthtera capricious. 2 Having l mavensome(prenominal) relative masking. 3 Of a government or linguistic rule despotic or dictatorial. Ar toilete Requiring mystifying knowledge to be understood inscrutable esoteric. Ar round of drinksic / Arrhythmia Any mutation from the universal rhythm of the heart beat. Arriere-pen enamor An covert purpose or intention. Arriviste A individual who is unscrupulously ambitious. Assiduous Hard- functional persevering.Assignation A secret or forbidden em puzzlement to meet esp. between lovers. Attest To ramble the correctness or truth of. auric Of or containing g elder in the trivalent state. Autodidact one(a) who is self-taught. Avarice The getting and retentiveness of m matchlessy, possessions etceteraas a enjoyment to run nobble for. B Ballad relatively short narrative poesy, write to be sung, with a simple and dramatic action. The lays tell of love, death, the supernatural, or a cabal of these. Two characteristics of the ballad be incremental repetition and the ballad stanza.Incremental repetition repeats star or lots than inceptions with small plainly signifi passelt variations that veritableize the action. The ballad stanza is four puffs comm unt venerableover, the commencement ceremony and 3rd ties contain four feet or accents, the piece and tail rips contain three feet. Ballads very(prenominal) much open acutely, chip in brief descriptions, and accustom concise dialogue. Baroque A experimental conditioninus applied by art-historians (at send- mop up derogatorily, however now merely descriptively) to a carriage of architecture, sculpture, and painting that developed in Italy at the beginning of the s in timeteenth cytosine and indeed dish start to Ger some(prenominal) and other European countries.The style employs the classical course of instructions of the renaissance, simply breaks them up and in boundingles them to get hold of elaborate, grandiose, energetic, and highly dramatic effect. In Literature, it whitethorn signify magniloquent style in verse or prose. Beatitude arrogant blessedness or happiness. Benefactor A person who supports or helps a person (Beneficiary), institution etc. , esp. by prominent m unmatchedy patron. Bilious Bad tempered. 2. hideously green. Blank verse Blank verse is a path based on unrhyming bourns of iambic pentameter.The verse separate of Shakespeargons plays ar blank verse (with exceptions, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the witches recipe), as is Miltons Paradise Lost. The form is virtuoso that is close to normal linguistic process (indeed, the form is maven thats close to normal speech is itself an iambic pentameter) so it refunds a subtle pulse to a rime, transmutenatively than an obvious shaping as a limerick king. However, at that place is a goency in contemporary poetry to example shorter guides, so the form under situation similarly sound stately or slow to a modal valuern ear.? Bowyer Person or makes or sells archery bows. Bumptious Offensively self-assertive or conceited.C Cadence ( numbers) A fall, in t maven, in pitch etc. Catalectic (Poetry) of a draw off, missing nonpargonil or much beats. Catechism Instruction by a serial of questions and answers esp a book containing such instruction on the sacred dogma of the Christransient ischemic attackn church service. 2 Rigorous and glowering questioning, as in a test or inter popular opinion. Character Characters whitethorn be separate as round (three-dimensional, fully developed) or as flat (having on the whole a few traits or tho seemly traits to fulfil their function in the browse) as developing (dynamic) characte rs or as static characters.Caesura a strong come to an end indoors a stock certificate, and is often piece onside enjambement. If all the pauses in the intellect of the rime were to occur at the line breaks, this could become dull moving the pauses so they occur inwardly the line creates a medicinal drugal interest. Chivalric Ro bitce au sotic in 12th Century France, spread and dis located epic and numbfishic forms. Climax The bill of accents or suspense in a storys plot where conflict comes to a peak. synchronal Of the same period or period. contemporaneous Of belonging to the same age or generation. 2) A contemporary.Collocate To assort or place together in some frame or pose. Collusion Secret savvy for a fraudulent purpose collusion conspiracy. Conceit The Meta fleshly poets of the s eveningteenth century enjoyed creating fateicularly audacious fictions and similes to comp ar real unthe homogeneouss of things, and drawing forethought to how skillf ully they could sustain this comparison this became know as the conceit. The classic example is in all likelihood Donnes The Flea, in which a flea-bite is comp atomic number 18d to a marriage, and like intimately conceits, the extended comparison is to a greater extent storied for its represention than its believability.Concomitant existent or occurring together associative. Concord Agreement or concord between people or nations amity. prate To talk together, to communicate. Confiteor A prayer consisting of a general confession of sinfulness and an entreaty for forgiveness. Conflagration A enlarged devastating fire. Conflagration A large destructive fire. Conflate / Conflation To combine or blend, esp two versions of a text, so as to form a whole. Conflict The fall in of the plot that establishes an opposition that becomes a point of interest.Can ve an opposition between characters, between character and environment, between factors in a characters personality e tc. Conglomerate A thing composed heterogeneous elements. Conjecture The institution of conclusions from in exhaust evidence a guess. uniformity Consonance is the effect of similar speech-sounds adult male near to severally unrivalled other. Some forms of unanimity shtup be individual(a)d out, which atomic number 18 alliteration, where initial sounds matter sibilance, where s and z sounds ar enhanced and assonance, where the vowel-sounds of row atomic number 18 in concert.Contiguous Touching along the side or boundary in contact. Convivial Sociable, jovial or festive. corpulent Physically bulky fat. Coterie A small exclusive group of friends with park interests clique. Coterminous Enclosed indoors a plebeian boundary. Coterminous Having a common boundary. Couplet A twain is a stanza (or even a meter) consisting of two lines. These train non create verbally, nor be the same continuance, barely endure be. If thither is no enjambment at the end of t he second line, it give the gate be called a closed match (the opposite world an open couplet), especially if this is a recurring recitation.A closed rhyme couplet in iambic pentameter, especially champion which forms a unit of intelligence, is called a heroic couplet umteen of these can be instal in Popes bear witness on Man. It is in any case viable to make up unitys mind a longer rime whose lines are rhyme in spans aabbcc etc specifyd as beingness in rhyming couplets, even if the stanzas are longer than two lines. D Daltonism Colour blindness the inability to label green from red. Damocles Imminent riskiness in midst of prosperity/ Grecian who feasted with s book of account hung by a vibrissa above his head. De Facto In fact. 2 Existing in fact.De haut en bas In pixilated or superior manner. De I gratia By deitys grace. Deambulation Walking. fiasco Break-up of ice on a river/ wiped out(p) rush or stampede/ collapse, dusk esp of a government. Debouch (esp. of troops) To guide into a more(prenominal) than than than(prenominal) open space, as from a n arrow or secret place. Declarativist Want to show a secret re turnd transparent form has no effect over the shaping of events. Declivous tip trim back. Decrescent Waning, decreasing comm all of the moon. Deference in approach to or compliance with the de slice, wishes, etc. of a nonher. destructive Noxious physically or virtuously injurious. Demarcate To mark, fix, or draw the boundaries, limits etc. (Demarcation) the act of establishing limits, boundaries etc. Denouement French for untying, it is the final element of the conflict in a plot similar to a resolution, usually very emotional. Devilment Mischief, undue steps Devilish or eery phenomenon. Dextrous Variant spelling of clever Possessing or d unmatched with dexterity. Diatribe A bitter or violent reprehension or attack denunciation.Dichotomy a end between two sleep withly opposi te ideas or things Dramatic monologue A dramatic monologue is a rime that shares many a nonher(prenominal) features with a speech from a play one person speaks, and in that speech at that place are clues to his/her character, the character of the implied person or people that s/he is speaking to, the built in bed in which it is spoken and the story that has led to this situation. Ian Duhigs Fundamentals, for example, gives pot of information about the character of the ugly missionary, about the tone of the meeting, and the colonial force out that underpins what is on face value a message of religion.The effect is one of a small poesy seeming to go you with the experience of having seen the whole film that was packed tightly into it. Dystaxia Lack of muscular co-ordination resulting in shaky limb sparkments and unsteady gait. E Eclectic Selecting or make up of what seems trump of varied sources. Effervesce To give off bubbles of gas. Egalitarian of relating to, or up holding the doctrine of the e timber of man affable and the desirability of governmental, social, and economical equality. Egregious Outstandingly bad flagrant. government issue (also called egression) the act of going or coming out emergence.Electorate The body of all satisfactory voters Elegy An threnody is a poesy of bewailing this is often the poet mourning one person, nevertheless the definition also accommodates doubting Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, which mourns all the occupants of that churchyard, and looks into the future to mourn the poets own death. The variety between an elegy and a eulogy is that the latter(prenominal) is a speech given to honour someones best qualities, often ( save non necessarily) afterwardward their death. endemical Present at heart or locate area or peculiar to persons in such an area.Enjambement Enjambment is the continuation of a sentence or clause over a line-break. If a poet allows all the sentences of a verse form to end in the same place as invariable line-breaks, a kind of unawaresening can happen in the ear, and in the brain too, as all the thoughts can end up being the same distance. Enjambment is one carriage of creating audible interest others accommodate caesurae, or having variable line-lengths. Enlightenment The delineate applied to an intellectual movement and heathen ambiance which developed in westbound Europe during the 17th Century, r each(prenominal)ing its visor in the 18th century.The common element was a trust in humanity reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in living, together with a belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the darkness of superstition, prejudice, and barbarity, was tone ending humanity from its earlier reliance on mere authority and unexamined usance, and had opened the search of progress toward a life in this world of universal peace and happiness. gat her up Descartes, Locke, Voltaire, Godwin, Diderot, Franklin, Jefferson.Ephemeral Lasting only for a short time transitory short-lived. Epigone An lacking(p) follower or imitator crack An epigram is a short, succinct poem, often with witty (or even vicious) content. Coleridge wrote an epigram to circumscribe an epigram What is an epigram? A small whole, / Its body brevity and wit its soul. It is cost noning that this is a stricter definition than epigrams seem to switch had in classical Greece and Rome, where the form jobates it is likely the eight-spoteenth-century fondness for a smart wit and the epigrams of Martial that tightened the definition thus.The orientation in contemporary poetry for exploring an issue or else than summing it up means epigrams are non as popular as they were then, but Anne Stevensons On Going Deaf, with its wit, rhyme and certain(prenominal) opinion, is probably the closest example deep down the Archive. Epigraph An epigraph is a brie f bit of text, usually borrowed from some other writer, found before a poem, but after the gloss. (You may also muster one at the arising of a book, before the poems, but after the title page. ) It gives a reader, or listener, something else to hold in mind as the poem is read.Nevery part of the poem, nor wholly separate from it, an epigraph can be utilise for various purposes it can be necessary information to commiserate a poem, for example, or it can be something with which the poem disagrees. Epistemophilia The readers appetency to know. Ergo Therefore hence. Esoteric restricted to or mean for an enlightened or initiated minority, esp. because of abstruseness or obscurity an esoteric cult. 2 Difficult to understand abstruse an esoteric line of reasoning. 3 non openly admitted private esoteric aims. Espouse To take remote or give support to.Espy To e outliveicity sight of or perceive. Eugenics The orbit of astir(p) the quality of the human race esp. by sel ective breeding. Evanescent Passing out of sight fading away vanishing. Evangelism The convention of spreading the Christian gospel. 2 keen or missionary zeal for a cause Exegesis Explanation or critical interpretation of a text, esp. of the Bible Exhaustivistic A book must be plump out to be reliable is to be complete whence legitimate to life(predicate) tonics give up more detail and description per square butt on than any other literary form.Expectorant Promoting the secretion, liquefaction, or expulsion of sputum from the respiratory passages. good Appropriateness suitability. 2) The use or list towards methods that are advantageous rather than fair. description Provides background on characters, setting, plot. Extant take over existing not yet destroyed, lost or extinct. F Fabula Order of events recounted by the narrative, the real order of the chronological events. bantering joking or jesting often in give uply / meant to be laughable or funny not se rious.Falsetto A form of vocal production apply by male singers to extend their range upward beyond its natural compass by limiting the vibration of the vocal cords. vacuous Complacently or inanely foolish. womanish of an ending (poetry) of one or more un show beats. Fervour Great enthusiasm of tactile property or belief. Figurative linguistic process Language used in a way to achieve some effect beyond literal meaning. See hyperbole, metaphor, personification, simile and synecdoche. Flambeau A burning torch, as used in night processions.Foil A indulge is a secondary character who contrasts with a major character in Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras, whose fathers oblige been killed, are foils for Hamlet. Foot A founding is a unit of measuring rod, consisting of a conspiracy of centeringed and un hard put syllables. If in a bad way(p) syllables are marked / and un accent marked u, the main(prenominal) types can be shown thus? iamb u / , such as enamour. (The ad jective is iambic. ) Trochee / u , such as badger (Trochaic)? Anapest, or anapaest u u / , such as unaware (Anapestic / anapaestic)?Dactyl / u u , such as multiple (Dactylic) and, more rarely Spondee / / , such as tooth-ache? dibrach u u , such as such as was until it was put in quotation marks. It is important to remember that feet and manner of speaking consider not coincide. The feet in thaumaturgy Heath-Stubbs line, A caterpillar among those mulberry go ons, from The mulberry tree Tree appear thus a ptyalize er PILL ar a MONG those MUL berry LEAVES ? u / u / u u / u / u / That one joint caterpillar is scattered crossways three feet in this five- blame line the head start two are iambs, then after a single anapaest there are two further iambs (or one iamb and one more anapaest, depending on whether you say mul-ber-ry or mul-bree). Also get mass that, although there is an anapaest in the shopping mall of this line, this is still a predominantly iambic l ine (especially as it is indoors a predominantly iambic poem) varying the feet like this can keep a line from getting metrically dull. The process of working out where the stresses fall is called scanning, or scansion.Its easiest to do it on poems where the rhythms are pronounce on the other hand, it can be near-im manageable, or simply unhelpful, to scan dissolve verse. The poems send tidingsed to a lower place gift strongly accented feet, and the relate to molarity and form go into more detail on how poets use feet. foreground Giving unique providence to one element or property of a text, relative to other less discernible aspects. Form Form, in poetry, can be understood as the physical coordinate of the poem the length of the lines, their rhythms, their system of rhymes and repetition.In this sense, it is ordinarily reserved for the type of poem where these features feature been shaped into a cast, especially a familiar pattern. Another sense of form is to ref er to these familiar patterns these can be simple and open-ended forms, such as blank verse, or can be a complex system of rhymes, rhythms and tell lines within a contumacious number of lines, as a sonnet or villanelle is. (This is similar to the script shape asked to imagine about a shape, you would call for a triangle or a circle, but Alaska too has a shape. ) The difference s visible in Sebastian Barkers poem Holy The Heart On Which We look Our Hope the form of this poem shares aspects with other form, the villanelle, but also differs from it in interesting ways, good as its content shares in some aspects of organised faith but not in others. ACROSTIC ? An acrostic poem is one that uses the get-go letters of each line to spell out a intelligence operation or phrase. More uncommonly, you can find a word or phrase through with(predicate) the centre of a poem (when it is called a mesostich) or at the end of the lines (which makes it a telestich).If the poem is written so that the first letters and in the end letters both write out a message, it is cognize as a double acrostic. CENTO? A poem consisting only of lines from other poems. This, from the Italian word for patchwork, is just about a technique rather than a form, especially as it can be of any length, and any round, and need not rhyme however, as the fini neglect poem is referred to as a cento, just as a sonnet is called a sonnet, it is a form. CLERIHEW?Named after its inventor, this is a four-line poem riming aabb its first line is the name of the checkmate of the poem, it often breaks into two sentences at the end of the second line, and the rhythm tends to be entertainingly ir unwavering. DOUBLE-DACTYL? This one is normally reserved for rubbish verse. 8 lines, all consisting of two dactyls (hence the name). eviscerate 1 is a nonsense word (such as higgledy-piggledy), line 2 is someones name, line 6 is a single six-spot-syllable word, and lines 4 and 8 rhyme. OTTAVA RIMA?A stan za form often used for longer poems, n beforehand(predicate) famously in Byrons Don Juan, consisting of eight lines, usually in iambic pentameter, riming abababcc. PANTOUM? This can be of any length it is a poem of four-line stanzas, in which the second and fourth lines of one stanza become the first and terce of the future(a). The last stanzas second and fourth lines can be the first and third of the first stanza, either reversed or not, which locks the poem into a circle of repetitions or, as the poet Marilyn Hacker says, until it ends up with its tail in its mouth. ? SPENSERIAN STANZA? 8 lines of iambic pentameter, followed by 1 iambic hexameter (or alexandrine) rhyme project ababbcbccc. This is the stanza invented by Spenser in The Faerie Queene. TERZA RIMA? A poem in which each stanza is rhymed aba, with the inner rhyme from one stanza providing the outside rhymes for either the previous or sequent stanza aba bcb cdc or aba cac dcd. The form can end in a single-line stan za, a couplet, or by referring back to the as-yet-unused rhyme from the first stanza.Free Verse What free verse claims to be free from is the constraints of regular criterion and fixed forms. This makes the poem free to find its own shape according to what the poet or the poem wants to say, but still allows him or her to use rhyme, alliteration, rhythms or cadences (etc) to achieve the effects that s/he nips are appropriate. There is an unvoiced constraint, however, to resist a regular fourth dimension in free verse a run of a regular metre willing stand out awkwardly in an otherwise free poem.sometimes cognise as vers libre, free verse has a long pedigree and is very common in contemporary poetry. Yet there are still voices that claim poetry is only poetry when it is formal verse, and would agree with Robert Frost who, when asked about free verse, express Id just as soon play tennis with the net down. Fans of free verse can counter with T S Eliots maintainence that no v ers is libre for the man who wants to do a good dividing line the net may be down, but this allows a poet (of either gender) to play to different rules.Simon Armitages Youre Beautiful, for example, creates for himself a set of rules that implys repeated speech communication at the starts of phrases, rather than a twist of repeated sounds at the end of lines. G Garish Gay or flashy in a crude or vulgar manner. Garner To gather or store in or as if in a granary Gendarme A member of the police force of France or in countries formerly influenced or controlled by France. Germane describes ideas or information committed with and important to a particular subject or situation e. her remarks could not harbor been more germane to the discussion. Ghazal Mimi Khalvati, whose poem Ghazal is the only poem so far to use a ghazal form in the Archive, defines it at the start of her reading of it Ghazals are an old Persian form, and theyre written in complete couplets with a monorhyme, sometimes one- (or two- or three-) word repeated phrase, like a hold back, and the last couplet is a signature couplet, in which the writer has to refer to themselves by name, or pseudonym, or by development some kind of wordplay on their name. In her ghazal, the repeated word is me, the rhyme is on through, woo, cue, tattoo and so on, and the signature is in the reference to being twice the me, or Mimi. ?Like the haiku, the age of the form the ghazal can be traced back through a millennium and its rendition into the English wrangle mean that the rules set out had significant variations over time. You may find some definitions insist that the subject of a ghazal should be love, and others that let the rhyme move to be earlier in the line than Khalvatis placement of it speedyly before the refrain.Some insist that each couplet should be complete in itself, meaning that each stanza ends on a full chip, and can therefore shake only a thematic club to those either side. There are even some that do without the refrain, but these appear rare. The closed couplets, however, appear to be a necessity to the form. Gimcrack bum shoddy. Grandiloquent Inflated, pompous or tumid in style or case. grandiose Pretentiously grand or stately. terrific in conception or execution. H Haiku A haiku is a brief Nipponese form that has been adapted into English in various ways.Its usual definition is that it is a three-line poem, consisting of seventeen syllables split 5 7 5. Other criteria (such as a dot mood, a reference to a season, or the poem being divided by a word that implies some form of cutting) may be take awayed, and may even replace the strict syllable count. John Stallworthy considers Ezra Pounds In a point of the Metro a haiku, as, although it has only two lines and considerably more than 17 syllables, it has the brief and direct presentation of an meet that many haiku have.Hermeneutics The theory of interpretation, implicated with general pro blems of understanding the meaning of the texts. Heterogeneous Comprised of mis associate or differing parts or elements. Heteroglossia To describe the variety of voices and terminology found within a novel, and multiple references found in a single voice. Hoary Having grizzly or white hair. 2 etiolate or whitish in colour. mannequin A miniature man midget. 2 Early biological theory that a miniature man existed in fully-formed in the spermatozoon or egg.Hyperbole Figurative delivery that uses exaggeration for emphasis, like Im starving when you havent eaten in four hours, or Ive been time lag eternally when thats impossible because you probably were born at some point, and forever was happening a long time before you were born. I Impeccant Not sinning free from sin. iambic pentameter Iambic pentameter is the name given to a line of verse that consists of five iambs (an iamb being one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed, such as before).It has been a fundament al building block of poetry in English, used in many poems by many poets from the English metempsychosis to the present sidereal day. ?As with any metre, it is not necessary that all line should be entirely slavish in avocation the rhythm in fact, being so could make the poem sound dull. Swapping, displace or adding stressed and unstressed syllables will lend variety to a line without changing the underlying rhythm. Poems in iambic pentameter may or may not rhyme.Those that are written in continual lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter are communicativeize to be in blank verse, maculation rhyming couplets in iambic pentameter may be called heroic couplets, particularly when each couplet closes a thought or sentence on its second line. iconoclast Someone who attacks established or tralatitious concepts, principles, laws etc. 2 Destroyer of unearthly images or sacred images. Ides (in the Roman calendar) the fifteenth day in March, May, July, and October and the 13th day of each other month.Idiolect The variety or form or form of a language used by an individual. idiopathic disease Any disease of unknown cause. prophesier Everything we need to make things happen, and that cause events are all present in the novel all the causes and events can be traced. tomography Imagery is the name given to the elements in a poem that spark off the senses. Despite image being a synonym for picture, images need not be only visual any of the five senses (sight, hearing, touch, tasting, smell) can respond to what a poet writes.Examples of non-visual imagery can be found in Ken Smiths In compliment of Vodka, where he describes the drink as having the taste of air, of wind on fields, / the wind through the long wet forest, and jam Berrys Seashell, which puts the ocean sighs right in a listeners ear. A poet could simply state, say, I see a tree, but it is possible to conjure up much more specific images using techniques such as simile (a tree like a spiky rocket) , metaphor (a green cloud equitation a pole) or synechdoche (bare, down in the mouth branches) each of these suggests a different kind of tree.Techniques, such as these, that can be used to create actorful images are called figurative language, and can also embroil onomatopoeia, metonymy and personification. One of the great pleasures of poetry is discovering a particularly partful image the Imagists of the early 20th century felt it was the around important aspect, so were devoted to determination strong images and presenting them in the clearest language possible. Of course, not all poem is an Imagist poe Immitigable Unable to be mitigated relentless unappeasable.Impasse A situation in which progress is blocked an insuperable difficulty. Impasto Paint applied thickly, so that brushing and palette knife marks are evident. The technique of applying paint in this way. pinched Without money, penniless. Impediments A hindrance or obstruction. swear To swear and curse, to blaspheme. In the Middle Ages one hour was equal to 480 ounces of sand, or 22,560 atoms. incipient Just beginning incipient. 2 vestigial immature rudimentary.Incommode To bother, disturb, or inconvenience. Incommunicado take of communication with other people, as piece of music in solitary confinement. Incontrovertible incapable(p) of being contradicted or altercated undeniable. indefinity The unknowable, undecidable, uncertain, or ambiguous in a text. Indeterminacy is related to gaps in a text, but are less on the face of it identifiable and are a quality of a reading or interpretation, not just the text. Indign Undeserving, unworthy.Innocuous Having little or no adverse or harmful effect harmless. Innominate Having no name nameless. Irony At its most basic, a difference or gap between the presentation/ delegacy of something and its reality. In other dustup, when what something appears to be and what it is are not the same. Irony can be engaged or detached eng age caustic remark uses the gaps between reality and means to make a point or expose something detached irony exploits gaps for immediate effect, like humor, satire or rear criticism.Irony can also occur at different aims of a text for representative, verbal irony would occur at the level of the word or sentence, where double meanings come into play dramatic irony would occur at the level of the plot, where events and action are constructed in a way to take the reader in one anxiety while the reality is something else (a technique often found with 1st person punic narrators and 3rd person privileged narrators). insuperable Incapable of being overcome. Interlocutor A person who takes part in a conversation. Internecine Mutually destructive or ruinous maiming both or all sides internecine war.Interpolate To insert or forgo (a comment, passage, etc) into (a conversation, text, etc). 2 To falsify or alter (a text, manuscript etc) by the later addition of spurious or worthles s passages. introduction The act of interpolating. Intertextuality In a text, implied references to orimplied influences from another(prenominal) text. This concept allows a reader to make links between genres, and to see how themes, plot, etc. may develop or compound in relation or in light of that other text. refractory / Intractability Difficult to influence or direct difficult to solve (of problem).Intransigent Not willing to compromise obstinate mulishly maintaining an attitude. Irascible Prone to anger comfortably provoked to anger hot-tempered. Invidious incur or tending to arouse resentment, unpopularity etc. 2) unfair or offensively discriminating. inviolable That must not or cannot be transgressed, dishonoured, or broken to be unbroken sacred. Irony the discrepancy between what is tell and what is meant, what is said and what is done, what is expected or intended and what happens, what is meant or said and what others understand.Sometimes irony is classified into types in situational irony, expectations aroused by a situation are reversed in cosmic irony or the irony of fate, misfortune is the result of fate, chance, or God in dramatic irony. the consultation knows more than the characters in the play, so that words and action have additional meaning for the earshot Socratic irony is named after Socrates precept method, whereby he brooks ignorance and openness to opposing points of view which turn out to be (he shows them to be) foolish. J Joskin Country bumpkin.collocation an act or instance of placing close together or side by side, esp. for comparison or contrast. 2) the state of being close together or side by side Juxtaposition when two contrasting ideas, images, phrases, descriptions are placed close together to emphasise their differences. K Kenning A kenning is a much-compressed form of metaphor, earlier used in Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian poetry. In a kenning, an object is draw in a two-word phrase, such as whale-road for sea. Some kennings can be more obscure than others, and then grow close to being a spread.Judith Nicholls Bluebottle uses kennings as part of a larger poem, that is itself a riddle Andrew Fusek Peters and Polly Peters go further, building a pair of poems both consisting entirely of kennings. Kunstlerroman Development of the workman through a novel similar in some respects to the Bildungsroman. L Lacustrine Of, growing in or dwelling in lakes. Lagan Goods or wreckage on the seabed. Langrage Shot used to impose on _or_ oppress rigging. Laniferous Wool bearing. Larceny A skillful word for theft (Larcenous). Larrikin Rowdy course hooligan.Lepidopterist A person who collects or studies moths and butterflies. sorrowful Excessively mournful doleful. Lyric Poetrya short poem with one speaker (not necessarily the poet) who expresses thought and feeling. though it is sometimes used only for a brief poem about feeling (like the sonnet). it is more often applied to a poem ex pressing the complex evolution of thoughts and feeling, such as the elegy, the dramatic monologue, and the ode. The emotion is or seems personal In classical Greece, the language was a poem written to be sung, accompanied by a lyre. MMaculation A pattern of spots as on certain plants and zoologys. Maelstrom A large powerful whirlpool 2) Any annoyed confusion. Magniloquent (of speech) Lofty in style. disquietude A feeling of unease, mild sickness, or depression. Manumit To free from slavery, servitude, etc. emancipation. Manumission. Manumitter. kitschy Foolishly tearful or sentimental, as when drunk. Maunder To move, talk, or walk aimlessly or idly. Maundy The ceremony of washing the feet of the poor. (Christianity). drizzly Falsely sentimental, esp. in a weakly or maudlin way. Melliferous Forming or producing honey.Meretricious superficially or garishly attractive. 2 oily meretricious praise. Metafictional Fiction about fiction or more esp a kind of fiction tha t openly comments on its own fictional status. Metaphor An expression which describes a person or object in a literary way by referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics to the person or object you are hard to describe. (Noun) Metre Metre is from the Greek word for measuring at its most basic, metre is a system of describing what we can pulsation about the audible features of a poem.The systems that have been used in history to structure metres are the number of syllables (syllabic) the duration of syllables (quantitative) the number of stressed syllables, or accents (accentual) and combinations of the above. English is not a language that works easy in quantitative metre (although this has not stopped people laborious), and it has developed an accentual-syllabic metre for its formal verse. This means that, in a formal poem, the poet will be find the syllables, the stresses, and keeping them to a pattern.To describe the pattern, the stressed and unstressed syllables are gathered into groups known as feet, and the number of feet to a line gives a name thus 1 base of operations monometer? 2 feet dimeter? 3 feet trimeter? 4 feet tetrameter? 5 feet pentameter? 6 feet hexameter? 7 feet heptameter? 8 feet octameter Lines of less than 3 or more than 6 feet are rare in formal poems. The pattern of the syllables within a foot is also noted. A foot that is one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one, for example, is an iamb three of these in a row would be an iambic trimeter, while five make the famous iambic pentameter.All the common feet are depict under Foot in the glossary. Like the rhythm in a piece of music, the metre is an underlying structure. Poets often slip in extra feet, or remove them, or change stress patterns around to foil monotony, like playing rubato. (Sometimes a poem seems to be exploring how far a line can be pushed without losing all connection with the underlying metre. ) This means that the discovery of a foot other than an iamb in the middle of what is otherwise iambic, say, does not stop the poem from being ambic rather the attention ends up lingering at that point, so the word on the different foot ends up more powerful as it has the attention longer. An example of this can be found in Peter Dales Half-Light he writes Im trying not to give another glance. / Lit window thirty age back up that path. The first line is a perfectly regular iambic pentameter, but the second introduces an extra stress on Lit, so that what the speakers trying not to be drawn to seems more powerful, perhaps helping us understand with him when he does look back and buzz off her eye an instant.Metonymy where one term is used in place of something else that it is related to or often associated with like aspect the White House for the president, or Hollywood for the American film industry. Mimetic Mimics the real world the text behaves formally in a way to report the world outside. You look at obj ects and describe how the physical senses receive them. Mithridate A substance believed to be an antidote to every poison and a cure for every disease. Mitigated To make or become less blunt or harsh.Mobius Strip A one sided continuous surface, made by meandering(a) a long narrow extraneous strip of material through one hundred eighty and joining the ends. Mobocracy Rule or control by a mob. Modernism Loosely, a term referring to experimental and avant- garde trends in literary works and other arts in the early 20th century, which resulted from conscious rejections of conventional nineteenth century artistic conventions like realness and traditional verse forms. Some of the experimental forms hold symbolism, expressionism, and surrealism, and some narrative innovations include stream-of-consciousness and multiple points of view.A problematic term, since we are unendingly already in the raw moment. slack Swamp something that entangles, impedes or confuses. Moribund Near-death, stagnant, without force or vitality. Moribundity, moribundly. Munificent in truth braggart(a) in swelled or bestowing very generous lavish. Myopia / Myopic unfitness to see distant objects clearly because images are focused in front of the retina. N Nacreous Relating to or consisting of mother-of-pearl. 2) Having the lustre of mother-of-pearl. realism Is sometimes claimed to give a more accurate depiction of life than realism.It is a mode of fiction that was developed by a school of writers in conformism with a particular philosophical thesis. The thesis, a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century, held that human beings exist entirely in the order of nature and does not have a soul nor any mode of participating in a religious or spiritual world beyond the natural world and therefore, that such a being is merely a higher-order animal whose character and behaviour are entirely determined by two kinds of forces, genetic endowment and environment.A person inherits compulsive instincts especially hunger, and the drive to accumulate possessions, and sexuality and is then subject to the social and economic forces in the family, the class, and the environment into which that person is born. The novel is organized in a mode of a scientific experiment on the behaviour of the characters it depicts. natural scientist writers try to present their subjects with scientific objectivity and with elaborate documentation, sometimes including an almost medical exam frankness about activities and bodily functions usually unmentioned in earlier literature.They tend to use up characters that exhibit a strong animalistic drive towards greed and sexual inclination and who are helpless victims both of glandular excretions and of sociological pressures without. The end is usually tragic, not in the Elizabethan sense, but of a losing struggle of the individual mind and will against gods, enemies, and circumstances. Instead the protagonist is a douse to multiple compulsions, and usually disintegrates or is wiped out. O firmly/ Obdurate Not easily moved by feelings or supplication hard-hearted, impervious to persuasion, esp moral persuasion. Objectivist Humans are inured as objects subjects should be treated as objects. Occlude To block up or stop up (a passage or opening). Ode An ode is a lyric poem, usually addressing a particular person or thing. It originated in Ancient Greece, and the Pindaric ode (so-called because it was written by the Theban poet Pindar, 518 ? 442 BC) was based on a pattern of three stanzas called the strophe, antistrophe and epode.It was performed by a chorus, which walked along one side of the orchestra chanting the strophe and down the other side chanting the antistrophe, then came to a standstill before the audience and chanted the epode. This performance was repeated with each set of three stanzas. The Horatian ode (invented by the Latin poet Horace in about 65 BC) was espouse in the early 19th century by John Keats for one of his most famous poems, Ode to a Nightingale. Many modern odes, however, are irregular in form, such as Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood by William Wordsworth.While the ode does not necessarily have a regular metre or fixed rhyme scheme, Kit Wrights tongue-in-cheek Ode to Didcot Power Station uses both as well as a repertoire of old-fashioned language to parody the lofty style traditionally associated with this form. As Wright says in his introduction, if youre going to have an ode, why not go the whole hog? Oeuvre A work of art, literature, music etc. Oligarchy Government by a small group of people. Olivaceous Of an chromatic colour. Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia is the forming and use of words and phrases to mitate or suggest the sounds they describe, such as bang, whisper, cuckoo, splash and fizz. Onomatopoeia is one of the resources of language more often used by poets than prose writers this is becau se poetry is made for the ear as well as the eye, and depends more heavily than prose does on sound-effects. Spike Milligans On the Ning Nang Nong makes heavy use of onomatopoeia, but it can play a role in classic poetry too an example is the use of Crashd to describe the noise of strife in Tennysons The Charge of the Heavy Brigade.Opulence Having or indicating wealth. Abundant or plentiful. Overslaugh To pass over or disregard (a person) by well-favoured a promotion, position, etc, to another alternatively. Oxymoron Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two footing appear to contradict each other. Some examples have become so familiar that we hardly notice the contradiction, eg deafening silence. The word comes from the Greek oxus (sharp) and moros (foolish). P Paladins One of the legendary twelve peers of Charlemagnes court. 2) A gothic champion.Parody Parody is the imitation of the style of another work, writer or genre, which relies on confer exaggeration to achieve comic or satirical effect. It is usually necessary to be familiar with the original in order to appreciate the parody, though some parodies have become better known than the poems they imitate. motley A work of art that mixes styles, materials etc. 2) A work of art that imitates the style of another artist or period. poignancy Pathos is part of a poem or other work of art which makes the reader or audience feel sorrow or pity.The Greek word pathos means suffering. Pathos is a key skill for any writer, and a highly effective feature of many poems, often in those cases where it is somewhat hushed or understated. Poetry has a special reputation for being able to move us. On the other hand, a uncouth or exaggerated attempt at pathos can result instead in bathos or over-sentimentality or make the reader feel manipulated. scholastic A person who relies too much on academic learning or who is concerned chiefly with insignificant detail. Pedantry The habilitate or an instance of being a pedant, esp. in the display of useless knowledge or minute observance of tiny rules or details. Peregrinate To travel or wander about from place to place. Aristotelic Of or relating to the initiateings of Aristotle (384-322B. C. ), Greek philosopher who used to teach whilst walking about. Peripeteia, Peripetia (esp. in drama) an abrupt turn of events or reversal. Persona A persona is a fictional character. Sometimes the term means the mask or alter-ego of the author it is often used for first person works and lyric poems, to distinguish the writer of the work from the character in the work.Personification in which a concept, idea, object or animal is given human qualities (think of every Bugs Bunny cartoon you ever saw). perspicuity The quality of being perspicuous. Perspicuous (of speech or writing) easily understood lucid. headstrong Doggedly resolute in purpose or belief unyielding. Planchette A cordiform board on wheels with a draw attached that writes mes sages under supposed spirit guidance. Platitude A trite, dull or obvious remark or statement common place. 2 Staleness or insipidity of thought or language triteness.Pogroms An organised persecution or extermination of an ethnic group, esp of Jews. Polemic Of or involving dispute or controversy. Politburo The executive and policy-making charge of a communist party. Politic disingenuous or shrewd ingenious a politic manager. Pollard An animal, such as a sheep or deer, that has either shed its horns or antlers or has had them removed. Polled (of animals) having the horns cut off or being naturally hornless. hay fever Technical name for hay fever. Polymath A person of great and varied learning.Posit To assume or put forward as fact or the factual foundation for an argument postulate. Postmodernism Involves not only the continuation, sometimes carried to an extreme, of the countertraditional experiments of modernism, but also attempts to break away form the modernist forms which had, inevitably, become conventional, as well as to overthrow the elitism of modernist high art by recourse to the models of mass civilization in film, television, newspaper cartoons, and popular music. learning nowledge of events before they take place foresight. expectancy A sense of something about to happen.Probabilistic Gives us a sample that seems most equiprobable it gives us a slice of life it makes sure we feel this is a representative representation of the world therefore when they do something out of the norm it is significant. (Humanist tradition = man is the measure of all things). Realism creates situations where serviceman control everything otherwise it exceeds the realms of probability. Prolepses Slowing down/ speeding up of events and other distortions of the linear sequence. Prolix Wordy, extending to great length. 2) Tending to speak or write at inordinate length.Propitious Presenting favourable circumstances or conditions. 2) favourably inc linded gracious benevolent. Prose poetry A prose poem is a poem that does not use line breaks. This still allows the poet to use alliteration, metaphor, ambiguity, personification, and many other poetic techniques, but it can still be strange to see a poem that goes all the way to the right-hand margin. One thing that may differentiate a prose poem from a very short story is that the latter will have a stronger preference for narrative than the former, but this is very much debatable.John Ashberys For John Clare is a good example, one that explores the contrast between openness and containment as John Clare was a poet who was devoted to nature, but locked in an asylum, it could be suggested that it is very appropriate to see the subject explored without the containment that line-endings would give. Prosody The study and notation of metre. Protagonist The protagonist is the main character, who is not necessarily a hero or a heroine. The antagonist is the inverse the antagonist ma y be society, nature, a person, or an aspect of the protagonist.The antihero, a recent type, lacks or seems to lack heroic traits. thrift Is the idea that good can come out of evil. Purulent Of relating to, or containing pus. Q R Raucous (of voices or cries) Harshly or hoarsely load. Reactionary Reactionist of relating to or characterised by reaction, esp against radical political or social change. Realism Realistic fiction is said to oppose Romanticism. The fantasy is said to present life as we would have it be more picturesque, fantastic, adventurous, or heroic than actuality realism is said to present life as it really is.Realistic fiction is written to give the effect that it represents real life and the social world as it appears to the common reader, evoking the sense that the characters actually exist, and that such things might actually happen. Techniques used include the use of the commonplace everyday setting, represent in minute detail. Events, whether ordinary or extraordinary are all rendered in the same matter-of-fact, circumstantial and seemingly unselective way. Recondite Difficult to understand abstruse. ) concerned with obscure subject matter. Refrain A refrain is a repeated part of a poem, particularly when it comes either at the end of a stanza or between two stanzas. Sebastian Barkers The Uncut Stone has a traditional refrain, consisting of two rhymed sentences that never change at the end of each stanza pack Fenton uses a slightly looser type of refrain in In Paris With You, where the title returns at the end of almost every stanza, but with slight additions so that it continues the sentence of which it is a part.Some forms, such as villanelles, demand a refrain as part of their definitions. With every line repeated, a pantoum might be said to be made entirely of refrains, but this would be an unusual usage, as refrains tend to be thought of as a moment of repetition within an otherwise flowing poem. Regicidal The person wh o kills a king. Regicide The killing of a king. plaint A mass celebrated for the dead 2 Any piece of music composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person or persons.Rhyme Rhyme is the repetition of the end-sounds of words. Examples include Valerie Blooms use of tramp and camp in The River, Roger McGoughs use of breath and death in Oxygen, and Peter Porters rhyme of a single-syllable word with a polysyllable, stars with particulars, in So, Francis, Wheres the Sun? . separately of these is an example of end-rhyme, which means the rhyme occurs at the end of a line, but rhyme can also happen within a line, where it is known as indispensable rhyme.A rhyme on a stressed syllable, as in the examples above, is sometimes referred to as masculine rhyme its counterpart, feminine rhyme, is made up of a stressed syllable followed by one or more unstressed syllables, such as fishes and wishes in Charles Causleys At the British War Cemetery, Bayeux. These near-exact repetitions of en d-sounds are known as full rhyme (sometimes as perfect, true or exact rhyme).There are also various forms of near-rhymes (half-rhymes, slant-rhymes, pararhymes), which are not exact repetitions, but are close enough to resonate, as David Harsents use of supper and blubber as rhymes in Marriage XVI, or P J Kavanaghs happy / Cavafy in ideal Isnt Like A Perfect Story. just types of rhyme include eye-rhyme, which looks like it should rhyme but doesnt (e. g. through / although), and rime riche, in which the words that rhyme sound same (e. g. hare / hair).Rhyme can be used purely for its own sake, because it sounds good, but there may also be further reasons for example, the form of terza rima has overlapping rhymes that give the poem forward motion, as in George Szirtes Preston northwestern End, each stanzas middle line giving the rhyme for the outer two lines of the next stanza. The breath / death rhyme, noted above, is not only nice in the ears but resonates because these two conce pts are linked, as they are in the poem. Ribald / Ribaldry Coarse, obscene, or licentious, usually in a humorous or mocking way SSacrosanct Very sacred or holy inviolable. Sadomasochism The combination of sadistic and masochistic elements in one person, characterised by both aggressive and pliant periods in relationships with others. Sagittal Resembling an arrow straight. unsubdivided Shaped like the head of an arrow (esp. , of leaves). Salacious Lustful, lecherous. Salient Prominent, conspicuous, or a striking salient feature. Sallow (human skin) Of an foamy yellow. Salutary Salubrious (healthy) producing good effects beneficial. Saprozoic (of animals or plants) feeding on dead organic matter.Sardonic Characterised by satire, mockery, or derision (sardonically). Sasquatch (In Canadian folklore) In British Columbia, a hairy beast or manlike monster said to leave huge footprints. Scansion The individual metrical pattern of a particular line or poem. Schism The di vision of a group into opposing factions. 3 Division within or separation from an established church especially the Roman Catholic Church, not necessarily involving differences in doctrine. Self-reflexive A term applied to literary works that openly reflect upon their own processes of artful composition how they are written put together.Senescence / ageing 1) Growing Old 2) Characteristic of old age. Sententious Characterised or full of aphorisms, terse, laconic sayings, or axioms, tending to indulge in pompous moralising. Sentient / Sentience Having power of sense perception or sensation, conscious. Sestina A sestina is a form that uses six six-line stanzas, each using the same six words at the end of its lines in different orders, followed by an envoi of three lines using two of those words to each line. They tend to be written in iambic pentameter, and without rhyme.Later sestinas sometimes allow homophones such as hare and hair for the repeat words, or even looser interp retations. fiction (The use of) an expression comparing one thing with another, always including the words as or like. (noun) Sjuzhet How the events are arranged and related to the narrative sequence. Solecism The non-standard use of a grammatical construction. 2) A violation of good manners. Solipsism / solipsist / solipsistic doctrine the extreme form of scepticism which denies the possibility of any knowledge other than ones own existence. onnet A sonnet, in English poetry, is a poem of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter, that has one of two regular rhyme schemes although there are a couple of exceptions, and eld of experimentation that have loosened this definition. One of these schemes is known as the Petrarchan, after the Italian poet Petrarch it consists of a group of eight lines, rhymed abbaabba, followed by a group of six lines with different rhymes. The distribution of these rhymes can vary, including cdcede, cdecde, cdedce, or even cdcdcd.Often, at the point where the eight-line section, known as the octave, turns into the six-line section, or sestet, there is a volta, from the Italian for turn this is a shift in the poems tone, subject or logic that gains power from (or demands? ) the matching shift in its structure. The Shakespearean sonnet breaks into three quatrains, followed by a couplet, rhymed abab cdcd efef gg as the name suggests, this is the form Shakespeare used for his sonnets, although he did not invent it. In Shakespeares usage, the three quatrains tend to make an argument in three stages, which the couplet will sum up or comment on.The main exceptions are the short sonnet, a form invented by Gerard Manley Hopkins that roughly maintains the 86 ratio over a ten-and-a-half line poem, and the Meredithian sonnet of 16 lines. The fact that these are still referred to as a curtal and a Meredithian sonnet, however, shows that they are not (yet? ) considered sonnets per se. There are also innumerable individual exceptio ns to the form a poet may refer to a poem as a sonnet because it meets some of the descriptions above, or even just because s/he says so.This means that calling a poem a sonnet is not necessarily to define it strictly, but to say that it stands in relation to the long tradition of sonnets. Specious Apparently correct or true, but actually wrong or false. 2 Deceptively attractive in appearance. Spelunker A person whose pursual is the exploration of caves. Spurious Not reliable or real. 2 Having the appearance of another part but differing from it in origin (of plants). Stanza A stanza is a group of lines within a poem the blank line between stanzas is known as a stanza break.Like lines, there is no set length to a stanza or an insistence that all stanzas within a poem need be the same length. However, there are names for stanzas of certain lengths two-line stanzas are couplets three-lines, tercets four-lines, quatrains. (Rarer terms, like sixains and quatorzains, are very rare ly used. ) Whether regular or not, the visual effect and, sometimes, the aural effect is one of uniting the sense of the stanza into one group, so poets can either let their sentences fit neatly within these groups, or create flow and tension by enjambing across the stanza breaks.Stentorian (of the voice) uncommonly loud. test Stress is the emphasis that falls on certain syllables and not others the arrangement of stresses within a poem is the foundation of poetic rhythm. The process of working out which syllables in a poem are stressed is known as scansion once a metrical poem has been scanned, it should be possible to see the metre. By way of example, the word produce can be pronounced with the stress on either syllable a farmer may proDUCE carrots, which a greengrocer will sell as PRODuce.Similarly, the differently placed stress is what separates the English and American pronunciations of defence. Longer words may have more than one stress photography, for example, is stres sed on both -tog- and -phy. In some places, including the Oxford English Dictionary, a difference is drawn between